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Canonical cortical circuits: current evidence and theoretical implications

机译：规范皮层回路：当前证据和理论意义

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Neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies have found that the same basic structural and functional organization of neuronal circuits exists throughout the cortex. This kind of cortical organization, termed canonical circuit, has been functionally demonstrated primarily by studies involving visual striate cortex, and then, the concept has been extended to different cortical areas. In brief, the canonical circuit is composed of superficial pyramidal neurons of layers II/III receiving different inputs and deep pyramidal neurons of layer V that are responsible for cortex output. Superficial and deep pyramidal neurons are reciprocally connected, and inhibitory interneurons participate in modulating the activity of the circuit. The main intuition of this model is that the entire cortical network could be modeled as the repetition of relatively simple modules composed of relatively few types of excitatory and inhibitory, highly interconnected neurons. We will review the origin and the application of the canonical cortical circuit model in the six sections of this paper. The first section (The origins of the concept of canonical circuit: the cat visual cortex) reviews the experiments performed in the cat visual cortex, from the origin of the concept of canonical circuit to the most recent developments in the modelization of cortex. The second (The canonical circuit in neocortex) and third (Toward a canonical circuit in agranular cortex) sections try to extend the concept of canonical circuit to other cortical areas, providing some significant examples of circuit functioning in different cytoarchitectonic contexts. The fourth section (Extending the concept of canonical circuit to economic decisions circuits) reviews the experiments conducted in humans by using transcranial magnetic stimulation to demonstrate the validity of the canonical cortical circuit model. The fifth section (Extending the concept of canonical circuit to economic decisions circuits) explores the hypothesis that also complex human behaviors such as economic decision-making could also be explained in terms of canonical cortical circuit. The final section (Conclusion) provides a critical point of view, evidencing the limits of the available data and tracking directions for future research.
机译：神经生理学和神经解剖学研究发现，整个皮层中都存在着相同的神经元回路的基本结构和功能组织。这种皮层组织，称为正则电路，已在功能上主要通过涉及视觉纹状皮层的研究得到了证明，然后，这一概念已扩展到不同的皮层区域。简而言之，规范电路由接受不同输入的II / III层的浅锥体神经元和负责皮质输出的V层的深锥体神经元组成。浅层和深层锥体神经元相互连接，抑制性神经元参与调节回路的活动。该模型的主要直觉是可以将整个皮质网络建模为相对简单的模块的重复，该模块由相对较少类型的兴奋性和抑制性，高度互连的神经元组成。我们将在本文的六个部分中回顾经典皮质电路模型的起源和应用。第一部分（规范电路概念的起源：猫视觉皮层）回顾了在猫视觉皮质中进行的实验，从规范电路概念的起源到皮质建模的最新进展。第二部分（新皮层中的经典回路）和第三部分（向非皮质层中的经典回路）试图将经典回路的概念扩展到其他皮质区域，提供了在不同细胞结构环境中回路功能的一些重要实例。第四部分（将经典回路的概念扩展到经济决策回路）回顾了使用经颅磁刺激在人体中进行的实验，以证明经典皮质回路模型的有效性。第五部分（将规范回路的概念扩展到经济决策回路）探讨了以下假设，即复杂的人类行为（如经济决策）也可以用规范皮质回路来解释。最后一节（结论）提供了一个关键的观点，证明了可用数据的局限性以及跟踪未来研究的方向。

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