Beyond Site Detection: The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing in Analysing Archaeological Problems. A Case Study in Lithic Resource Procurement in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile

César Borie; César Parcero-Oubi?a; Youngsang Kwon; Diego Salazar; Carola Flores; Laura Olguín; Pedro Andrade

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Beyond Site Detection: The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing in Analysing Archaeological Problems. A Case Study in Lithic Resource Procurement in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile

机译：超越场地探测：卫星遥感在分析考古问题中的作用。智利北部阿塔卡马沙漠岩性资源采购案例研究

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Remote sensing archaeology in recent years has emphasized the use of high-precision and high-accuracy tools to achieve the detailed documentation of archaeological elements (drones, LIDAR, etc.). Satellite remote sensing has also benefited from an increase in the spatial and spectral resolution of the sensors, which is enabling the discovery and documentation of new archaeological features and sites worldwide. While there can be no doubt that a great deal is being gained via such “site detection” approaches, there still remains the possibility of further exploring remote sensing methods to analyse archaeological problems. In this paper, this issue is discussed by focusing on one common archaeological topic: the mapping of environmental resources used in the past and, in particular, the procurement of lithic raw material by hunter-gatherer groups. This is illustrated by showing how the combined use of Landsat 8 images and “ground-truthing” via focused field studies has allowed the identification of a number of potential chert sources, the major lithic resource used by coastal groups between 11,500–1,500 cal. BP, in a vast area of the Atacama Desert covering 22,500 km 2 . Besides discussing the case study, the strength of remote sensing techniques in addressing archaeological questions comprising large spatial scales is highlighted, stressing the key role they can play in the detection and study of specific environmental resources within challenging physical settings.

机译：近年来，遥感考古学一直强调使用高精度和高精度工具来实现考古元素（无人机，LIDAR等）的详细记录。卫星遥感技术还受益于传感器空间和光谱分辨率的提高，这使得发现和记录全球新的考古特征和地点成为可能。尽管毫无疑问，通过这种“现场检测”方法已经取得了很多成果，但仍然存在进一步探索遥感方法来分析考古问题的可能性。在本文中，通过讨论一个共同的考古主题来讨论这个问题：过去使用的环境资源的映射，尤其是猎人-采集者团体采购的石料原料。通过显示Landsat 8影像和通过重点实地研究进行的“地面真相”相结合，可以识别出许多潜在的石来源，这是沿海群体在11,500–1,500 cal之间使用的主要石质资源。 BP，位于阿塔卡马沙漠的广阔地区，覆盖22,500 km 2。除了讨论案例研究之外，还强调了遥感技术在解决包括大空间尺度的考古问题方面的优势，强调了遥感技术在具有挑战性的物理环境中检测和研究特定环境资源中可以发挥的关键作用。

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《Remote Sensing》 |2019年第7期|共27页
作者
César Borie; César Parcero-Oubi?a; Youngsang Kwon; Diego Salazar; Carola Flores; Laura Olguín; Pedro Andrade;
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中图分类 F9;
关键词
archaeologyarid environmentssatellite remote sensinglithological mappinglithic procurementchert sourcingLandsat 8GIS;

机译：考古环境卫星遥感地理制图岩画采购cher石采购8GIS;

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1. How Do Surficial Lithic Assemblages Weather in Arid Environments? A Case Study from the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile [J] . Ugalde Paula C., Santoro Calogero M., Gayo Eugenia M., Geoarchaeology . 2015,第4期

机译：干旱环境中表层岩性组合的天气如何？智利北部阿塔卡马沙漠的个案研究
2. Andean caravan ceremonialism in the lowlands of the Atacama Desert: The Cruces de Molinos archaeological site, northern Chile [J] . Valenzuela Daniela, Cartajena Isabel, Santoro Calogero M., Quaternary International . 2019,第Nova20期

机译：阿塔卡马沙漠低地的安第斯大篷车礼仪活动：智利北部的Cruces de Molinos考古遗址
3. Geo-archaeological records of large Holocene tsunamis along the hyperarid coastal Atacama Desert in the major northern Chile seismic gap [J] . Leon Tomas, Vargas Gabriel, Salazar Diego, Quaternary Science Reviews: The International Multidisciplinary Review Journal . 2019,第期

机译：大型北部阿喀拉姆沙漠大型全新世海啸的地理考古记录在智利北部北部地震差距
4. Applications of Remote Sensing in Archaeology: Surface and sub-surface feature detection over UNESCO World Heritage sites and archaeological sites in Italy using optical and radar data [C] . Nicole DORE, Jolanda PATRUNO, Francesco SARTI, Symposium on European association of remote sensing laboratories . 2010

机译：遥感在考古学中的应用：使用光和雷达数据在意大利联合国教科文组织世界遗产网站和考古遗址的表面和子表面特征检测
5. Forest fragmentation mapping, change detection, and gas well site identification in remotely sensed imagery: the role of spatial resolution. [D] . Baker, Benjamin A. 2012

机译：森林碎片测绘，变化检测和遥感影像中气井场的识别：空间分辨率的作用。
6. Camelid husbandry in the Atacama Desert? A stable isotope study of camelid bone collagen and textiles from the Lluta and Camarones Valleys northern Chile [O] . Paul Szpak, Daniela Valenzuela 2020

机译：阿塔卡马沙漠的骆驼牧师？北智利北部骆驼骨胶原蛋白和纺织品的稳定同位素研究
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”
8. Feasibility study for locating archaeological village sites by satellite remote sensing techniques [R] . Stringer, W. J. 1974

机译：通过卫星遥感技术定位考古村遗址的可行性研究

Beyond Site Detection: The Role of Satellite Remote Sensing in Analysing Archaeological Problems. A Case Study in Lithic Resource Procurement in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile

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