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The Impact of Animal Logging on Residual Trees in Mixed Fir and Spruce Stands

机译：动物采伐对杉木和云杉混交林剩余树木的影响

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Background and Purpose: Logging is an example of the strongest human influence on forest environment because it causes damages to the forest soil and residual trees. The damages that occur during logging are more frequent in the skidding phase compared to the felling and processing phase. Material and Methods: The research was conducted in mixed stands of fir and spruce in the area of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Felling was conducted by chainsaw and extraction by animals, i.e. by two oxen. The following data were collected: tree species, diameter at breast height, pre-bunching zone (0-30 m or 30-60 m), presence of damages, presence of old damages, number of damages, type of damage, damage position and the size of damage. Results: Damages were recorded on 3.32% of residual trees. The average number of damages per damaged tree was 1.08. The same percentage share of damages was recorded on butt end and root collar (38.46%), while damages on root have a share of 23.08%. Stem damages were not recorded. The most common type of damage was debarked tree (61.54%), then squashed bark (23.08%) and debarked and damaged tree (15.38%). It was recorded that the size of damages varied between 60 and 570 cm2. The average size of damage was 222.54 cm2. Statistical analysis using χ2 test showed significant difference in the proportion of damaged trees among different pre-bunching methods, and did not show significant difference in the proportion of damaged trees between different pre-bunching zones. Conclusions: It can be assumed that oxen logging causes insignificant damages to residual trees. The results of research will be used as a basis for future studies of residual trees’ damaging during wood skidding.
机译：背景和目的：伐木是人类对森林环境影响最大的一个例子，因为它会破坏森林土壤和残留树木。与伐木和加工阶段相比，打滑阶段伐木期间发生的损坏更为频繁。材料和方法：该研究是在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那东部地区的冷杉和云杉混合林中进行的。用电锯进行砍伐并用动物，即用两只牛进行提取。收集了以下数据：树木种类，乳房高度处的直径，预捆扎区（0-30 m或30-60 m），存在损坏，存在旧损坏，损坏数量，损坏类型，损坏位置和损害的大小。结果：损坏记录在3.32％的残留树木上。每棵受损树木的平均损害数为1.08。烟头末端和根部颈圈的伤害百分比相同（38.46％），而根部的伤害百分比为23.08％。没有记录到茎干损伤。最常见的损害类型是剥皮的树（61.54％），然后是剥皮的树皮（23.08％）和剥皮和受损的树（15.38％）。据记录，破坏的大小在60至570 cm2之间变化。损坏的平均大小为222.54平方厘米。使用χ2检验进行的统计分析显示，不同预丛生方法之间的受损树木比例存在显着差异，而在不同预丛生区之间的树木受损比例没有显着差异。结论：可以假设牛采伐对残留树木的损害不大。研究结果将用作将来研究木打滑过程中残留树木损害的基础。

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