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Development and validation of a scale to measure patients’ trust in pharmacists in Singapore

机译：制定和验证量表，以衡量患者对新加坡药剂师的信任

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Objective: To develop and validate a scale to measure patients’ trust in pharmacists for use as an outcomes predictor in pharmacoeconomic and pharmaceutical care studies.Methods: Literature review, study team discussion and focus group discussions were conducted to generate items of a candidate version to be pilot-tested for content validity. An amended candidate version was then tested among eligible Singaporeans across different ethnic and age groups. Score distributions were assessed for discriminatory power and item analyses for finalizing items. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dimensionality and homogeneous items. Cronbach’s alpha was measured for internal consistency and Pearson’s correlation coefficients for convergent validity.Results: Eighteen items were generated with good variability (SD >?1.0) and symmetry (means ranged from ?1 to 1) for score distribution. After minor changes to improve content clarity, the amended questionnaire was self-administered among 1196 respondents [mean (SD) age: 38.6 (14.9) years, 51.6% female, 87% >6 years of education]. Six items were dropped due to inadequate item-total correlation coefficients, leaving 12-item scale for factor analysis. Three factors (“benevolence”, “technical competence” and “global trust”) were identified, accounting for 55% of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.83, indicating high internal consistency. Convergent validity was demonstrated by statistically significant positive correlations between trust and patients’ satisfaction with pharmacists’ service (r = 0.54), returning for care (r = 0.30) and preference of medical decision-making pattern (r = 0.16).Conclusion: The 12-item trust in pharmacists scale demonstrated high reliability and convergent validity. Further studies among other populations are suggested to confirm the robustness and even improve the current scale.
机译：目的：建立并验证一种量表，以衡量患者对药剂师的信任度，以用作药物经济学和药物护理研究的结果预测指标。进行内容有效性的先导测试。然后在不同种族和年龄组的合格新加坡人中测试了修订的候选版本。评估分数分布的辨别力和项目分析以最终确定项目。探索性因素分析用于确定维数和同类项。测量了Cronbach's alpha的内部一致性和Pearson相关系数的收敛性。结果：生成了18个具有良好变异性（SD>？1.0）和对称性（均值从？1到1）的项，以进行得分分配。在进行了微小的更改以提高内容的清晰度之后，对1196名受访者进行了自我管理的问卷调查（平均（SD）年龄：38.6（14.9）岁，女性51.6％，87％> 6岁教育）。由于项目之间的相关系数不足，删除了6个项目，剩下12个项目用于因子分析。确定了三个因素（“仁慈”，“技术能力”和“全球信任”），占总差异的55％。克龙巴赫的alpha为0.83，表明内部一致性很高。信任度与患者对药剂师服务的满意度（r = 0.54），就医回报（r = 0.30）和医疗决策模式的偏爱（r = 0.16）之间的统计显着正相关证明了聚合效度。药师规模的12个项目的信任度显示出高度的可靠性和收敛性。建议在其他人群中进行进一步研究，以确认其稳健性，甚至可以改善当前规模。

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