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How Insect Flight Steering Muscles Work

机译：昆虫飞行操纵肌肉如何工作

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Insights into how exactly a fly powers and controls flight have been hindered by the need to unpick the dynamic complexity of the muscles involved. The wingbeats of insects are driven by two antagonistic groups of power muscles and the force is funneled to the wing via a very complex hinge mechanism. The hinge consists of several hardened and articulated cuticle elements called sclerites. This articulation is controlled by a great number of small steering muscles, whose function has been studied by means of kinematics and muscle activity. The details and partly novel function of some of these steering muscles and their tendons have now been revealed in research published in this issue of PLOS Biology. The new study from Graham Taylor and colleagues applies time-resolved X-ray microtomography to obtain a three-dimensional view of the blowfly wingbeat. Asymmetric power output is achieved by differential wingbeat amplitude on the left and right wing, which is mediated by muscular control of the hinge elements to mechanically block the wing stroke and by absorption of work by steering muscles on one of the sides. This new approach permits visualization of the motion of the thorax, wing muscles, and the hinge mechanism. This very promising line of work will help to reveal the complete picture of the flight motor of a fly. It also holds great potential for novel bio-inspired designs of fly-like micro air vehicles.
机译：由于需要解开所涉及的肌肉的动态复杂性，阻碍了对飞行动力和控制飞行的精确度的了解。昆虫的翅膀由两个对立的动力肌肉群驱动，力通过非常复杂的铰链机制传递到翅膀。铰链由几种硬化的和铰接的角质层元素（称为巩膜石）组成。这种关节运动由大量的小转向肌控制，这些小转向肌的功能已通过运动学和肌肉活动进行了研究。现在，在本期《 PLOS生物学》上发表的研究中已经揭示了其中一些转向肌肉及其肌腱的细节和部分新颖的功能。格雷厄姆·泰勒（Graham Taylor）及其同事进行的这项新研究应用了时间分辨X射线显微断层扫描技术，获得了苍蝇侧翼的三维视图。不对称的动力输出是通过左右翼上不同的拍打幅度来实现的，这是通过对铰链元件的肌肉控制以机械方式阻止机翼冲程以及通过操纵一侧的肌肉吸收工作来实现的。这种新方法可以可视化胸部，翼部肌肉和铰链机制的运动。这一非常有前途的工作将有助于揭示苍蝇飞行马达的完整情况。它还具有像苍蝇一样的微型飞行器的新颖生物灵感设计的巨大潜力。

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