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Genital Evolution: Why Are Females Still Understudied?

机译：生殖器进化：为什么仍对女性进行研究？

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The diversity, variability, and apparent rapid evolution of animal genitalia are a vivid focus of research in evolutionary biology, and studies exploring genitalia have dramatically increased over the past decade. These studies, however, exhibit a strong male bias, which has worsened since 2000, despite the fact that this bias has been explicitly pointed out in the past. Early critics argued that previous investigators too often considered only males and their genitalia, while overlooking female genitalia or physiology. Our analysis of the literature shows that overall this male bias has worsened with time. The degree of bias is not consistent between subdisciplines: studies of the lock-and-key hypothesis have been the most male focused, while studies of cryptic female choice usually consider both sexes. The degree of bias also differed across taxonomic groups, but did not associate with the ease of study of male and female genital characteristics. We argue that the persisting male bias in this field cannot solely be explained by anatomical sex differences influencing accessibility. Rather the bias reflects enduring assumptions about the dominant role of males in sex, and invariant female genitalia. New research highlights how rapidly female genital traits can evolve, and how complex coevolutionary dynamics between males and females can shape genital structures. We argue that understanding genital evolution is hampered by an outdated single-sex bias.
机译：动物生殖器的多样性，变异性和明显的快速进化是进化生物学研究的一个重点，在过去的十年中，探索生殖器的研究急剧增加。然而，这些研究显示出强烈的男性偏见，尽管这种偏见在过去已得到明确指出，但自2000年以来，情况已经恶化。早期的批评者认为，以前的研究人员常常只考虑男性及其生殖器，而忽视女性生殖器或生理机能。我们对文献的分析表明，总体而言，这种男性偏见随着时间的推移而恶化。子学科之间的偏倚程度不一致：锁定和钥匙假说的研究一直是男性关注的重点，而对女性隐性选择的研究通常会同时考虑性别。不同分类组的偏倚程度也有所不同，但与男性和女性生殖器特征研究的容易程度没有关系。我们认为，在这一领域持续存在的男性偏见不能仅通过影响可及性的解剖学性别差异来解释。相反，这种偏见反映出人们对男性在性别中的主导作用以及女性生殖器不变的持久假设。新的研究突出了女性生殖器性状发展的速度，以及男性和女性之间复杂的共同进化动力学如何塑造生殖器结构。我们认为过时的单性偏见阻碍了对生殖器进化的理解。

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