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首页> 外文期刊>Progress in Earth and Planetary Science >Typhoon-induced sea surface cooling during the 2011 and 2012 typhoon seasons: observational evidence and numerical investigations of the sea surface cooling effect using typhoon simulations
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Typhoon-induced sea surface cooling during the 2011 and 2012 typhoon seasons: observational evidence and numerical investigations of the sea surface cooling effect using typhoon simulations

机译：2011年和2012年台风季节的台风引起的海面降温：使用台风模拟的观测证据和海面降温效果的数值研究

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Understanding oceanic responses to typhoons and the impacts those responses have on the typhoons themselves is important so that typhoon predictions performed using numerical models and typhoon forecasts can be improved. However, in situ oceanic observations underneath typhoons are still limited. To gain a deep understanding of the oceanic response and estimate the magnitude of its impact, three profiling floats were deployed in the western North Pacific during the 2011 and 2012 typhoon seasons. The daily observations showed that the sea surface cooled by more than 2°C in typhoons Ma-on and Muifa in 2011, and typhoons Bolaven and Parapiroon in 2012. The response was different at different float locations relative to the typhoon center, that is, the response within 100?km of the typhoon center was different to the response more than 100?km from the center on the right- or left-hand sides of the typhoon track, even though the response was affected by pre-existing oceanic conditions, precipitation, and the typhoon intensity. The salinity and temperature profiles were also considerably different before, during, and after the passage of a typhoon. To determine the impacts of typhoon-induced sea surface cooling on typhoon predictions, the impacts of the four typhoons were numerically evaluated using an atmosphere-wave-ocean coupled model. The coupled model simulated sea surface cooling and the resultant increases in the central pressures caused by the passages of the typhoons reasonably well. When axisymmetrically simulated, the mean sea surface cooling beneath a typhoon decreased the latent heat fluxes by 24% to 47%. A larger cooling effect gave a larger decrease in the latent heat flux only during the intensification phase. The decrease in the latent heat flux affected the inner core structure, particularly in the inflow boundary layer and around the eyewall. The cooling effect significantly affected the track simulation only for Typhoon Muifa, which had the weakest zonal steering flow of the four typhoons. These results suggest that making more frequent typhoon observations using profiling floats, further developing oceanic analysis techniques, and improving our understanding of typhoon-ocean interactions are required to produce more accurate typhoon predictions.
机译：了解海洋对台风的反应及其对台风的影响非常重要，因此可以改善使用数值模型和台风预报进行的台风预测。但是，台风下面的原位海洋观测仍然有限。为了深入了解海洋反应并估算其影响的大小，在2011年和2012年台风季节期间，在北太平洋西部部署了三个剖面浮标。日常观测显示，2011年台风Ma-on和Muifa以及2012年台风Bolaven和Parapiroon的海面冷却了2°C以上。相对于台风中心，在不同的浮标位置，响应有所不同。即使响应受先前的海洋条件影响，距台风中心100公里以内的响应也不同于距台风轨道右侧或左侧中心100 km公里以内的响应，降水和台风强度。在台风通过之前，期间和之后，盐度和温度曲线也有很大不同。为了确定台风引起的海面冷却对台风预报的影响，使用大气-海-海洋耦合模型对四个台风的影响进行了数值评估。耦合模型模拟了海面冷却，并很好地控制了由台风通过引起的中心压力的增加。当进行轴对称模拟时，台风之下的平均海面冷却使潜热通量减少了24％至47％。较大的冷却效果仅在强化阶段才产生较大的潜热通量下降。潜热通量的减少影响了内芯结构，特别是在流入边界层和眼壁周围。冷却效果仅对台风“ Muifa”的轨道模拟有显着影响，“台风” Mifa的台风转向气流是四个台风中最弱的。这些结果表明，需要使用剖面浮标进行更频繁的台风观测，进一步发展海洋分析技术，并增进我们对台风-海洋相互作用的了解，才能产生更准确的台风预报。

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