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首页> 外文期刊>The Internet Journal of Orthopedic Surgery >Total Salivary Glutathione Levels: Periodontitis in Smoker and non-Smoker
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Total Salivary Glutathione Levels: Periodontitis in Smoker and non-Smoker

机译：唾液谷胱甘肽总水平：吸烟者和非吸烟者的牙周炎

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Objective: To determine the association between Total glutathione levels, in saliva and presence of periodontitis.Subjects and Methods: Forty subject samples, as healthy control (n=16), periodontitis in smokers (n=11) and periodontitis in non-smokers (n=13) were recruited for the study. The total glutathione levels were analyzed in the saliva of smoking and non-smoking patients of periodontitis before and after scaling and root planning and healthy control.Results and Conclusions: Total glutathione of saliva were statistically significantly higher in subject of periodontitis in smoker as compared to non-smoker and salivary total glutathione concentrations were significant reduced following scaling and root planning in smoker as well as in nonsmoker.Total glutathione of saliva was affected by periodontal disease. Thus smoking and periodontitis compromised the antioxidant capacity of saliva in systemically healthy patients. Introduction The human inflammatory periodontal diseases are amongst the most common chronic diseases to affect adults. Antioxidants are present in all body fluids and tissues and protecting against endogenously formed free radicals. Antioxidant (AOX) enzymes such as superoxide dimutase and glutathione peroxidase provide protection within cells whilst low molecular weight scavenging antioxidants and AOX vitamins are present in extra cellular fluid. In addition, dietary drived components such as uric acid non protein thiols and glutathione also act as antioxidants 1 . Total antioxidant activity has been reported to be reduced in saliva of patients with periodontitis relative to that in non-periodontitis subjects 2 . Diagnosis of periodontal disease has been primarily based upon clinical and radiographic measures of periodontal tissue destruction. These parameters (clinical examination and radiographically) provide a measure of past destruction and are of limited use in early diagnosis 3 .Somkers are more susceptible to advanced and aggressive forms of periodontal disease than non-smokers 4 .It has been reported that smokers tend to respond less favourably to periodontal treatment 5 . Reactive oxygen species play an important role in cell signaling and metabolic processes and contribute to pathogenic processes in a variety of inflammatory disorders. All organisms posses a range of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to protect them against harmful oxidative reactions 67 .Under certain conditions,an increase in oxidants and a decrease in antioxidants cannot be prevented, and the oxidant or antioxidant balance shifts towards the oxidative state. There is increasing evidence that oxidative stress is an important contributing factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease 78910 . Antioxidant molecules are present in all body fluids and tissues. Saliva possesses a variety of defense mechanisms responsible for the protection of oral cavity from oxidative attacks,including uric acid,vitamin C,glutathione ,and others.Together with uric acid and albumin, ascorbic acid is among the major antioxdants in saliva 12345678910 . Hence, the present study was planned to determine the relationship between total glutathione levels in saliva in cases of healthy periodontium, periodontitis in smokers and non-smokers, and effect of scaling and root planning on salivary glutathione levels. Materials and Methods The patients of periodontitis in smokers (11), periodontitis in non-smokers (13) and healthy periodontium (16), without any systemic disease, aged 30-50 years attending Jain Diagnostic clinic,New Delhi, India were selected. The clinical examination, invalued measurement of both probing depths and bleeding on probing, performed by two experienced examiners who measured the same clinical parameters throughout the study. During the examination and one week after scaling and root planing, paraffin wax stimulated whole saliva was collected, and samples were stored at -20 ° C until analyzed. Saliva were centrifuged at
机译：目的：确定唾液中总谷胱甘肽水平与牙周炎的存在之间的关联。对象与方法：四十个受试者样本作为健康对照（n = 16），吸烟者的牙周炎（n = 11）和非吸烟者的牙周炎（ n = 13）被招募用于研究。吸烟和不吸烟的牙周炎患者洗牙前后的唾液中总谷胱甘肽水平和根部计划以及健康控制的结果。结论：结论：吸烟者牙周炎患者的唾液中总谷胱甘肽水平明显高于吸烟者。吸烟者和非吸烟者的结垢和根部规划后，非吸烟者和唾液中总谷胱甘肽的浓度显着降低。唾液中总谷胱甘肽的含量受牙周疾病的影响。因此，吸烟和牙周炎损害了全身健康患者唾液的抗氧化能力。引言人类牙周炎是影响成年人的最常见的慢性疾病之一。抗氧化剂存在于所有体液和组织中，可防止内源性形成的自由基。超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化剂（AOX）可以在细胞内提供保护，而额外的细胞液中则存在低分子量的抗氧化剂和AOX维生素。此外，饮食驱动的成分，如尿酸，非蛋白硫醇和谷胱甘肽也可作为抗氧化剂1。据报道，与非牙周炎患者相比，牙周炎患者唾液中的总抗氧化剂活性降低了2。牙周疾病的诊断主要基于牙周组织破坏的临床和放射学测量。这些参数（临床检查和射线照相）提供了过去破坏的量度，并且在早期诊断中用途有限3。吸烟者比不吸烟者更易患晚期和侵袭性牙周疾病4。据报道，吸烟者倾向于对牙周治疗的反应较差5。活性氧在细胞信号传导和代谢过程中起重要作用，并在多种炎性疾病中促成致病过程。所有生物都具有一系列酶促和非酶促的抗氧化剂体系，以保护它们免受有害的氧化反应的侵害67。在某些条件下，无法防止氧化剂的增加和抗氧化剂的减少，并且氧化剂或抗氧化剂的平衡向氧化态转变。 。越来越多的证据表明，氧化应激是导致牙周病78910的重要因素。抗氧化剂分子存在于所有体液和组织中。唾液具有多种防御机制，可保护口腔免受氧化攻击，包括尿酸，维生素C，谷胱甘肽等。抗坏血酸与唾液酸和白蛋白一起是唾液中的主要抗氧化剂12345678910。因此，本研究计划确定健康牙周病患者唾液中总谷胱甘肽水平，吸烟者和非吸烟者牙周炎与结垢和牙根计划对唾液谷胱甘肽水平的影响之间的关系。材料和方法选择年龄30至50岁，无系统疾病的吸烟者（11），吸烟者（11），非吸烟者（13）和健康牙周（16）的牙周炎患者，就诊于印度新德里的Jain诊断诊所。由两名经验丰富的检查员进行的临床检查，即对探查深度和探查出血的无价测量，在整个研究过程中他们测量了相同的临床参数。在检查过程中以及结垢和刨根后一周，收集石蜡蜡刺激的整个唾液，并将样品保存在-20°C直至分析。唾液在

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