Prevalence Of Cryptosporidium Oocysts From Calves In Kurdistan Province, Of Iran

Fallah Esmail; Hajihasani Ataallah

摘要

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in calves (n=412) in five selected farms in Saghez, Iran, was determined by using the modified Ziehl Nielsen staining technique. Of 412 bovine faecal samples, 8.5% were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in less than 3-month age’s calves was higher than weaned calves and adults. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in both diarrheic and non-diarrheic animals, but there was a significantly higher prevalence (p<.05) of oocyst shedding in diarrheic than in non – diarrheic animals. Confirmation of the diagnosis was performed using anti-Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody specific for Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium baileyi. Introduction Cryptosporidium has emerged as one of the most important zoonotic coccidian parasites affecting a wide range of domestic animals and man. Although the parasite was first reported in 1907 (1), its importance was only appreciated in the early 1970s when infections were associated with diarrhea in calves (2). Cryptosporidium has been reported to be second only to rotavirus as a cause of diarrhea in newborn calves in Britain (3, 4) with prevalence of 80% and 62.4% in calves and adult beef cattle, respectively (5). Profuse and severe life-threatening diarrhea occurs in neonates and immunocompromised individuals, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. However, self- limiting or sub clinical disease occurs in adults and immuncompetent animals and humans (6, 7). Cattle are a major source of C.parvum, which is responsible for neonatal diarrhea in calves and for zoonotic contamination (8). Bovine cryptosporidiosis is widespread and prevalence studies show a wide range of oocyst shedding from 14 to over 80% depending on the age, clinical situation and breeding regime of the animals. Overall, prevalence studies in cattle ranging from 3 days old to adult usually give results of appreciatively 20% of animals shedding oocysts, while prevalence in neonates is higher, especially when diarrheic calves are concerned (9). Although several studies on a prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. have been conducted in developed and developing countries (7,10, 11,12,13,14), little is known on the occurrence of the parasite in Iran. Little information has been published about bovine cryptosporidiosis in Iran and epidemiological studies have not yet been conducted on a wide scale and in large number of animals. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in cattle on selected farms within Saghez county of Iran. Material and methods Source of animalsIn the present study cattle from five medium-scale dairy farms (range 50-150 animals per farm) and 20 small-scale dairy cattle units (each with an average of ten animals) within Saghez County, NW of Iran were used. Saqqez or Saghez is a city in Kurdistan Province of Iran. It had a population of around 132,100 in 2010. Kurds have lived in Saqqez and the surrounding region since approximately 1,000 B.C., and many believe that the city's first known inhabitants, the Medes, are direct ancestors of the present-day people of western Iran. At an altitude of 1,493 meters (4,898 feet), Saqqez has variable climate, with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers, during which there is a large daily temperature range due to the combination of thin, dry air produced by the high elevation and low summertime humidity. Saqqez is situated at 36°15′ N 46°16′ E (Map1). The selection of herds was based on the willingness of the farmers. Most of the animals used in our study were crosses of exotic and indigenous breeds but some were pure exotic breeds. Three farms belonged to Agriculture University of Kurdistan. These animals were kept in houses with concrete floors that were cleaned regularly. Animals in two privately owned medium-scale farms, farm “C” animals kept in non-concrete floor houses that were rarely cleaned, an

机译：隐孢子虫的流行。使用改良的Ziehl Nielsen染色技术确定了伊朗萨格兹五个选定农场的犊牛卵囊（n = 412）。在412份牛粪便样本中，隐孢子虫spp阳性率为8.5％。在不到三个月大的犊牛中，隐孢子虫的患病率高于断奶的犊牛和成年犊牛。隐孢子虫在腹泻和非腹泻动物中均检测到卵囊，但与非腹泻动物相比，腹泻中卵囊脱落的发生率（p <.05）显着更高。使用对鼠隐孢子虫，小球隐孢子虫和百色隐孢子虫具有特异性的抗隐孢子虫单克隆抗体进行诊断的确认。引言隐孢子虫已经成为影响多种家畜和人类的最重要的人畜共患球虫寄生虫之一。尽管该寄生虫于1907年首次报道（1），但其重要性仅在1970年代初才受到重视，当时感染与小牛腹泻有关（2）。据报道，隐孢子虫是引起新生儿犊牛腹泻的原因，仅次于轮状病毒（3、4），在犊牛和成年肉牛中分别占80％和62.4％（5）。在新生儿和免疫功能低下的人中，尤其是患有获得性免疫缺陷综合症的人，会出现大量和严重威胁生命的腹泻。但是，自限性或亚临床疾病发生在成年动物和具有免疫能力的动物和人类中（6、7）。牛是小腿梭状芽胞杆菌的主要来源，小腿梭状芽胞杆菌引起小牛的新生儿腹泻和人畜共患病污染（8）。牛隐孢子虫病很普遍，流行率研究表明，取决于动物的年龄，临床状况和繁殖方式，卵囊的脱落率从14％到80％以上不等。总体而言，对3天至成年牛的流行率研究通常可得出大约20％的动物排出卵囊的结果，而新生儿的流行率则更高，尤其是当涉及腹泻犊牛时（9）。虽然对隐孢子虫属的流行有几项研究。已经在发达国家和发展中国家进行了试验（7、10、11、12、13、14），对在伊朗发生的寄生虫知之甚少。关于伊朗牛隐孢子虫病的资料很少，而且尚未在大规模和大量动物中进行流行病学研究。因此，这项研究的目的是确定隐孢子虫的流行程度。伊朗萨格兹县内某些农场的牛卵囊。材料和方法动物的来源在本研究中，来自伊朗西北部萨盖兹县的5个中型奶牛场（每个猪场50-150只动物）和20个小规模奶牛单位（每头平均十头动物）的牛被使用。 Saqqez或Saghez是伊朗库尔德斯坦省的一个城市。它在2010年的人口约为132,100。库尔德人自公元前1000年起就居住在萨克兹及周边地区，许多人认为，该市的首批居民梅迪斯是伊朗西部当今人们的直接祖先。萨克兹（Saqqez）海拔1,493米（4,898英尺），气候多变，冬季寒冷多雪，夏季炎热干燥，由于高海拔地区产生的稀薄干燥的空气，每天的温度范围较大夏季湿度低。萨克兹（Saqqez）位于东经36°15′N 46°16′（Map1）。畜群的选择基于农民的意愿。我们的研究中使用的大多数动物都是外来和本地品种的杂交，但有些是纯外来品种。库尔德斯坦农业大学的三个农场。这些动物被关在有水泥地板的房屋中，并定期清洁。在两个私有的中型农场中，动物“ C”类动物存放在很少清洗的非混凝土楼房中，

Prevalence Of Cryptosporidium Oocysts From Calves In Kurdistan Province, Of Iran

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