The validity of the environmental neurotoxic effects of toxigenic molds and mycotoxins

Ebere C. Anyanwu

摘要

The problems and controversies about the validity of environmental neurotoxic health effects of toxigenic mold and mycotoxin exposures have taken a center stage in scientific, legal, social, and political discourse to which important basic scientific truth has been misrepresented by subjective “double talk” in recent years. Fortunately, the scientific truth is characterized by objectivity and systematic organization based on compelling pieces of evidence. This paper reviews the relevant, most recent peer reviewed literatures that support the validity of the environmental risks and adverse neurotoxic health effects of chronic exposures to toxigenic molds and mycotoxins. The structures of typical mycotoxins are cited to show the relevance of functional groups, and how their biochemical activities may contribute to adverse health effects in relation to signs, symptoms, and mechanisms. The proven interactions between the biological system and the molecular functional groups of mycotoxins are evaluated to explain how they may lead to neurotoxic health effects in terms of carcinogenic, biochemical, immunological, neurophysiological and behavioral properties. Based on all the relevant affect factors, there are huge compelling pieces of evidence derived by exposure conditions, clinical presentations, scientific laboratory investigations, and the development of science of nanotoxicology, that support the validity of adverse environmental neurotoxic health effects of toxigenic mold and mycotoxins. Introduction Adverse health effects of toxigenic molds and mycotoxins have been recognized for centuries following environmental exposures and ingestion of contaminated foods. It is no longer arguable that normal building materials and furnishings are susceptible to, and provide ample sources of nutrition for many species of molds. It is accepted that under favorable conditions, toxigenic molds can grow luxuriantly, and amplify indoors especially, when there is an adequate supply of moisture. Occupationally, toxigenic mold infections have been reported are known to cause diseases in industrial or agricultural settings after inhalation exposure to toxigenic molds [1]. Globally, disproportionate growths of toxigenic molds are serious public environmental health problems that are misunderstood mostly, because of the complexity in their natural mode of life and duality of functions. Under favorable conditions, toxigenic molds can develop rapidly, to produce metabolites to which are either broad-spectrum antibiotics, or mycotoxins that are cytotoxic to human health [2]. Mycotoxins are highly stable compounds, and the toxigenic molds producing them are ubiquitous in the environment [3]. These two properties of toxigenic molds account for their survival and persistence in the environment. The most common routes of exposure to toxigenic molds and mycotoxins are by spores ingestion of contaminated foods, dermal, respiratory, and parenteral routes, the last being associated with drug abuse [4].The most frequent toxigenic molds in Europe are Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species [5]. They produce aflatoxin B1 transformed into aflatoxin M1 found in the milk, as well as Ochratoxins and Zearalenone, Fumonisin B1, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin), which are of increasing concern in human health everywhere in the world. In the USA, the predominant toxigenic molds that have been identified and vastly documented are the Alternaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Stachybotrys, Curvularia, Basidiomycetes, Myxomycetes, smuts, Epicoccus, Fusarium, Bipolaris, and Rhizopus [6,7,8]. Hence, these molds and their mycotoxins are under continuous survey in Europe, albeit, with unstandardized effective regulatory apparatus at European level [7]. Based on available evidence however, it is accepted in Europe and elsewhere, that the mycotoxins produced by these toxigenic molds are particularly a risk for human health [2,9,10]. The Struct

机译：关于产毒的霉菌和霉菌毒素暴露对环境神经毒性健康影响的有效性的问题和争议已成为科学，法律，社会和政治话题的中心阶段，最近人们通过主观“口头谈话”误解了重要的基本科学真理。年份。幸运的是，科学真理的特征在于客观性和基于令人信服的证据的系统组织。本文回顾了相关的，最新的同行评议的文献，这些文献支持长期暴露于产毒霉菌和霉菌毒素的环境风险和不良神经毒性健康影响的有效性。引用典型的霉菌毒素的结构来显示官能团的相关性，以及它们的生化活性可能如何与体征，症状和机制相关地对健康产生不利影响。对生物系统和霉菌毒素分子功能基团之间已证实的相互作用进行了评估，以解释它们如何在致癌，生化，免疫，神经生理和行为特性方面导致神经毒性健康影响。基于所有相关的影响因素，有大量令人信服的证据来自暴露条件，临床表现，科学实验室研究以及纳米毒理学的发展，这些证据支持产毒霉菌和霉菌毒素对环境神经毒性的不良健康影响的有效性。。简介在暴露于环境和摄入受污染的食物之后的几个世纪中，已经认识到产毒霉菌和霉菌毒素对健康的不利影响。普通建筑材料和家具易受多种霉菌侵扰，并为许多霉菌提供充足的营养来源，这一点不再是争论。公认的是，在有利的条件下，当有足够的水分供应时，产毒的霉菌可以茂盛地生长，并且在室内尤其是放大。在职业上，据报道，在吸入毒原性霉菌后，有毒的霉菌感染会在工业或农业环境中引起疾病[1]。在全球范围内，由于其自然生活方式的复杂性和功能的双重性，产毒的霉菌不成比例的增长是严重被误解的严重的公共环境健康问题。在有利的条件下，产毒的霉菌可以迅速发展，以产生代谢产物，这些代谢产物要么是广谱抗生素，要么是对人体健康具有细胞毒性的霉菌毒素[2]。霉菌毒素是高度稳定的化合物，在环境中普遍存在产生毒素的霉菌[3]。产毒霉菌的这两个特性说明了它们在环境中的生存能力和持久性。最常见的暴露于产毒霉菌和霉菌毒素的途径是通过孢子摄入被污染的食物，皮肤，呼吸道和肠胃外途径，最后一种与药物滥用有关[4]。欧洲最常见的产毒霉菌是曲霉菌，青霉菌，和镰刀菌种[5]。它们产生的黄曲霉毒素B1转化为牛奶中的黄曲霉毒素M1，以及O曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮，伏马菌素B1，T-2毒素，HT-2毒素和脱氧雪茄烯醇（呕吐毒素），这在全世界各地的人类健康中都日益引起人们的关注。世界。在美国，已发现并有大量文献记载的主要产毒霉菌是链格孢属，克拉多孢菌，曲霉，青霉菌，水生真菌，弯孢菌，担子菌，粘菌菌，黑穗病，表球菌，镰刀菌，镰刀菌，双极菌和根霉菌[6,7,7]。。因此，尽管在欧洲，这些霉菌及其霉菌毒素仍在使用不标准化的有效监管手段进行连续调查[7]。然而，根据现有证据，在欧洲和其他地方已经公认，由这些产毒霉菌产生的霉菌毒素特别有可能危害人类健康[2,9,10]。结构

The validity of the environmental neurotoxic effects of toxigenic molds and mycotoxins

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