Incidences of various etiological factors responsible for repeat breeding syndrome in cattle and buffaloes

Jagir Singh; Dinesh Dadarwal; Mrigank Honparkhe; Ajeet Kumar

摘要

A total of 214 repeat breeding (Cattle-183; Buffalo- 31) and 30 normal (Cattle-20; Buffaloes- 10) animals from different dairy farms were selected. All the animals were subjected to repeated (3-5 days interval) clinico-gynaecological examinations along with blood sampling atleast for 21 days. The diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, rectal findings, body condition scores (BCS) and blood plasma progesterone (P4) profiles. Out of 183 repeat breeding cattle, 13 (7.10 %) had acquired anatomical abnormalities, 52 (28.42 %) had hormonal aberrations, 33 (18.03 %) had genital tract infections, 27 (14.75 %) were affected with poor management and 58 (31.70%) were having a combination of more than one aforesaid factors. The number of repeat breeding buffaloes in the respective categories were 2 (6.46 %), 8 (25.80 %), 8 (25.80 %), 5 (16.14 %) and 8 (25.80 %). Out of the animals repeating as a result of acquried anatomical abnormalities, 8 (61.54 %) cattle and 2 (100 %) buffaloes were repeater due to hard and kinked cervix. Out of the animals affected with hormonal aberrations, 33 (63.5 %) cattle and 8 (100%) buffaloes were exhibiting prolonged estrus period. Poor semen quality or faulty AI techniques were found to be major managemental factors in cattle (25/27) and buffaloes (2/2). In the category more than one etiological factor, the combination of genital infections and hormonal aberrations was the major contributing factor to repeat breeding (Cattle- 23/58; Buffaloes- 3/8), followed by combination of anatomical defects and hormonal aberrations (Cattle-19/58; buffaloes- 1/58); genital infection and anatomical defects (Cattle- 19/58; Buffaloes- 1/58). Hence, it was concluded that hormonal aberrations and its combination with other factors constitute the major cause of repeat breeding syndrome in dairy animals. Introduction Repeat breeding syndrome is responsible for long service period and inter-calving interval thereby causing low milk and calf production resulting in to greater economic loss to dairy industries. To curtail these losses exact and early diagnosis of the underlying etiology followed by timely interventions is a prerequisite. The factors responsible for this malady are multiple viz. anatomical, hormonal, managemental and infectious, and vary from herd to herd, animal to animal and estrus to estrus. The incidence of repeat breeding in India has been reported from 5.5 to 33.33 % in cattle and from 6 to 30 % in buffaloes (Saxena, 2004). In view of the fact that the incidence of repeat breeding syndrome has increased over decades; surveys elaborating the major underlying factors are necessary. Therefore, a field oriented study was planned to identify the major factors causing repeat breeding, so that timely intervention could be done to avoid further loss to dairy industries. Materials And Methods The study was carried out in 18 randomly selected villages of Malwa region of Punjab, India. A total of 214 animals (cattle- 183; buffaloes- 31) with the history of repeat breeding and 30 normal animals (cattle-20; buffaloes-10) were selected. All the animals were subjected to repeated clinicogynaecological examinations, culture sensitivity test of oestrual mucus and blood collection at 3-5 days interval for 1-2 estrous cycle. The diagnosis was made on the basis of history, rectal findings, body condition score (Edmondson et al.,1986) and blood plasma progesterone profiles. On the basis of diagnosis, all repeater animals were grouped as follows: Anatomical abnormalities (Gp-1) – This group consisted of animals with kinked and hard cervix, ovaro-bursal adhesions (OBA), combination of OBA and kinked cervix and uterine tumor. Animals belonging to this group had clear cervico vaginal mucus, regular cycling, good BCS (3.5-4.0) and plasma P4 profiles comparable with normal animals. Genital infections (Gp-II): This group included animals with endometritis, salpingitis, combination of endometritis and salpingitis. Anim

机译：选择了来自不同奶牛场的总共214次重复繁殖（Cattle-183; Buffalo-31）和30只正常（Cattle-20; Buffaloes-10）动物。所有动物均进行重复（每隔3-5天）临床-妇科检查以及至少21天的血液采样。诊断根据病史，临床体征，直肠指征，身体状况评分（BCS）和血浆孕酮（P4）进行。在183头重复繁殖的牛中，有13例（7.10％）获得了解剖学异常，52例（28.42％）发生了荷尔蒙畸变，33例（18.03％）发生了生殖道感染，27例（14.75％）受到不良管理，58例（31.70）（％）具有以上一个以上因素的组合。各个类别中重复繁殖的水牛数量分别为2（6.46％），8（25.80％），8（25.80％），5（16.14％）和8（25.80％）。在因自然解剖异常而重复的动物中，有8头（61.54％）牛和2头（100％）水牛因子宫颈坚硬和扭结而成为转发器。在受荷尔蒙畸变影响的动物中，有33只（63.5％）牛和8只（100％）水牛表现出较长的发情期。精液质量差或AI技术错误是牛（25/27）和水牛（2/2）的主要管理因素。在不止一种病因的类别中，生殖器感染和荷尔蒙畸形的结合是重复繁殖的主要促成因素（Cattle-23 / 58; Buffaloes-3 / 8），其次是解剖缺陷和荷尔蒙畸变（Cattle-23 / 58）。 -19/58;水牛-1/58）;生殖器感染和解剖缺陷（Cattle- 19/58; Buffaloes- 1/58）。因此，可以得出结论，荷尔蒙畸变及其与其他因素的结合构成了奶牛重复繁殖综合症的主要原因。简介重复育种综合症导致服务期长和产犊间隔长，从而导致牛奶和小牛的产量降低，给乳制品行业造成更大的经济损失。要减少这些损失，必须先对潜在病因进行准确的早期诊断，然后及时进行干预。造成这种疾病的因素是多方面的。解剖，荷尔蒙，管理和传染性，在不同的畜群，不同的动物和不同的发情期之间变化。据报道，印度重复繁殖的发生率在牛中为5.5％至33.33％，在水牛中为6％至30％（Saxena，2004）。鉴于几十年来重复繁殖综合征的发生率有所增加;阐述主要潜在因素的调查是必要的。因此，计划进行一项针对田间的研究，以找出造成重复育种的主要因素，以便及时进行干预，以避免对乳业造成进一步的损失。材料和方法这项研究是在印度旁遮普邦Malwa地区的18个随机选择的村庄中进行的。总共选择了214只具有重复繁殖史的动物（牛183只;水牛31只）和30只正常动物（牛20只;水牛10只）。对所有动物进行1-2次发情周期的重复临床临床生态学检查，对雌性粘液的培养敏感性测试和血液收集，间隔3-5天。诊断是根据病史，直肠指征，身体状况评分（Edmondson等人，1986）和血浆孕酮状况进行的。根据诊断，将所有中继器动物分为以下几类：解剖异常（Gp-1）–该组包括具有弯曲和坚硬子宫颈，卵巢-法氏囊粘连（OBA），OBA与弯曲的子宫颈和子宫肿瘤的组合的动物。属于该组的动物具有清晰的宫颈阴道粘液，定期骑车，良好的BCS（3.5-4.0）和血浆P4谱，与正常动物相当。生殖器感染（Gp-II）：该组包括患有子宫内膜炎，输卵管炎，子宫内膜炎和输卵管炎的动物。动画

Incidences of various etiological factors responsible for repeat breeding syndrome in cattle and buffaloes

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