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首页> 外文期刊>Japan Review >Statistics of Tokugawa Coastal Trade and Bakumatsu and Early Meiji Foreign Trade, Part 2: Trade in Bakumatsu and Early Meiji Times
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Statistics of Tokugawa Coastal Trade and Bakumatsu and Early Meiji Foreign Trade, Part 2: Trade in Bakumatsu and Early Meiji Times

机译：德川沿海贸易与幕末和明治初期的对外贸易统计，第2部分：幕末和明治初期的贸易

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Evaluation of archival sources on Japanese trade in the bakumatsu period (1853– 1867) and in the fi rst fi fteen years of the Meiji period is the primary purpose of this two-part essay, of which Part 1 appeared in Japan Review, 21 (2009). After the opening of the ports in 1859, statistics were directly compiled by bakufu offi cials from traders' invoices. Previously, offi cials had relied on data furnished by wholesalers (tonya) and guilds for coastal trade. Th e notional parity of a gold yen and a silver yen in the closed gold standard put in place in 1871 broke down in the open market for the Mexican dollar, the accepted unit of account for foreign trade in the newly opened ports. It was only as gold disappeared and Japan's currency system became de facto a silver one that a conversion emerged in national accounts of totals from dollars (or silver yen) into gold yen at close to a one-for-one rate. Arguably, Japanese offi cials coped well in the early Meiji years with the challenge of creating Western style statistics, even if variant grand totals emerged in the conversion of dollar fi gures into gold yen in the uncertain monetary conditions. Archival information on coastal trade in earlier Tokugawa times rested on copies. Th ose copies are few and remote from the originals. Th is is true also for the new foreign trade of the 1860s. Even under central direction from 1869, only a few copies, mostly drafts rather than fi nal versions, are known for the new aggregates (from 1869, in gold ryō; from 1871, in gold yen). Th e basic dollar totals forwarded regularly from individual Custom Houses to the central authorities, the key raw material for converting dollar grand totals into gold yen until the 1880s, are known almost exclusively from fi gures in the British Parliamentary Papers.
机译：这篇由两部分组成的论文的主要目的是评估幕末（1853年至1867年）和明治十五年的日本贸易的档案资料，其中第一部分出现在《日本评论》（21）（ 2009）。 1859年港口开放后，巴库夫府官员从商人的发票中直接编制了统计数字。以前，官员依靠批发商（通尼）和行会提供的数据进行沿海贸易。在1871年实行的封闭式金本位制中，日元和银日元的概念平价在墨西哥市场的公开市场中被打破，而墨西哥元是新开放港口对外贸易的公认会计单位。只是随着黄金的消失，日本的货币体系实际上变成了白银，国民账户总值才以接近一比一的比率从美元（或银日元）转换为金日元。可以说，即使在不确定的货币条件下，将美元构筑为日元的时候，日本官员在明治初期就应对建立西式统计数据的挑战也能很好地应对。关于德川初期的沿海贸易的档案信息保留在副本上。这些副本很少而且与原件相距甚远。 1860年代的新对外贸易也是如此。即使在1869年的中央指导下，也只有少数几份以新的总量而著称，主要是草稿，而不是最终版本（从1869年开始，以金ryō;从1871年开始，以金日元）。基本的美元总数是定期从各个海关转交给中央政府的，这是直到1880年代将美元总额转换成金日元的关键原料，几乎完全由英国国会文件中的人物所知道。

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    《Japan Review》 |2010年第7期|共44页
  • 作者

    Louis M. CULLEN;

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