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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of genetics >Recent integrations of mammalian Hmg retropseudogenes
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Recent integrations of mammalian Hmg retropseudogenes

机译：哺乳动物Hmg逆转录假基因的最新整合

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We propose that select retropseudogenes of the high mobility group nonhistone chromosomal protein genes have recently integrated into mammalian genomes on the basis of the high sequence identity of the copies to the cDNA sequences derived from the original genes. These include the Hmg1 gene family in mice and the Hmgn2 family in humans. We investigated orthologous loci of several strains and species of Mus for presence or absence of apparently young Hmg1 retropseudogenes. Three of four analysed elements were specific to Mus musculus, two of which were not fixed, indicative of recent evolutionary origins. Additionally, we datamined a presumptive subfamily (Hmgz) of mouse Hmg1, but only identified one true element in the GenBank database, which is not consistent with a separate subfamily status. Two of four analysed Hmgn2 retropseudogenes were specific for the human genome, whereas a third was identified in human, chimpanzee and gorilla genomes, and a fourth additionally found in orangutan but absent in African green monkey. Flanking target-site duplications were consistent with LINE integration sites supporting LINE machinery for their mechanism of amplification. The human Hmgn2 retropseudogenes were full length, whereas the mouse Hmg1 elements were either full length or 3a€2-truncated at specific positions, most plausibly the result of use of alternative polyadenylation sites. The nature of their recent amplification success in relation to other retropseudogenes is unclear, although availability of a large number of transcripts during gametogenesis may be a reason. It is apparent that retropseudogenes continue to shape mammalian genomes, and may provide insight into the process of retrotransposition, as well as offer potential use as phylogenetic markers.
机译：我们建议高迁移率组非组蛋白染色体蛋白质基因的选择retropseudogenes最近已整合到哺乳动物基因组中，基于与原始基因衍生的cDNA序列的拷贝的高度序列同一性。这些包括小鼠中的Hmg1基因家族和人中的Hmgn2家族。我们调查了几个菌株和Mus物种的直系同源基因座，看是否存在明显的年轻Hmg1 Retropseudogenes。四个分析元素中的三个特定于小家鼠，其中两个不固定，表明最近的进化起源。此外，我们对小鼠Hmg1的一个推测亚家族（Hmgz）进行了数据挖掘，但只在GenBank数据库中识别出一个真实元素，这与单独的亚家族状态不一致。四个分析过的Hmgn2逆转录假基因中有两个对人类基因组具有特异性，而在人类，黑猩猩和大猩猩基因组中确定了第三个，在猩猩中另外发现了四个，但在非洲绿猴中却没有。侧翼靶位点重复与支持LINE机械扩增机制的LINE整合位点一致。人类Hmgn2逆转录假基因是全长，而小鼠Hmg1元件是全长或在特定位置被3a€2截短，这很可能是使用其他聚腺苷酸化位点的结果。尽管在配子发生过程中大量转录本的可用性可能是其最近扩增成功与其他逆转录假基因相关的性质尚不清楚。显而易见，逆伪基因继续塑造哺乳动物基因组，并且可以提供对逆转座过程的深入了解，并提供潜在的系统发育标记。

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