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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Medical Biochemistry >New Markers of Oxidative Damage to Macromolecules
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New Markers of Oxidative Damage to Macromolecules

机译：大分子氧化损伤的新标志

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New Markers of Oxidative Damage to MacromoleculesThe presence of free radicals in biological material has been discovered some 50 years ago. In physiological conditions, free radicals, in the first place the ones of oxygen and nitrogen, are continuously synthesized and involved in the regulation of a series of physiological processes. The excess of free radicals is efficiently eliminated from the body in order to prevent their toxic effects. Toxic effects of free radicals may be classified into three groups: a) change of intracellular redox potential, b) oxidative modification of lipids, proteins and DNA, and c) gene activation. Lipid peroxidation involving cell membranes, lipoproteins and other molecules leads to the production of primary high-reactive intermediaries (alkyl radicals, conjugated dienes, peroxy- and alkoxyl radicals and lipid hydroperoxide), whose further breakdown generates the secondary products of lipid peroxidation: short-chain evaporable hydrocarbons, aldehydes and final products of lipid peroxidation: isoprostanes, MDA, 4-hydroxy-2, 3-transnonenal and 4,5-dihydroxydecenal which are important mediators of atherosclerosis, coronary disease, acute myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and lupus erythematodes. Oxidative modification of proteins is manifested by changes in their primary, secondary and tertiary structures. Proteins have a specific biological function, and therefore their modification results in unique functional consequences. The nature of protein modification may provide valid information on the type of oxidants causing the damage. Chlorotyrosyl is a specific marker of oxidative damage to tyrosine caused by HOCl action, which most commonly reflects the involvement of neutrophils and monocytes in oxidative stress, while nitrotyrosyl indicates the presence of higher peroxy-nitrite synthesis. Methyonin and cysteine are the amino acids most sensitive to oxidative stress, carbonyl groups are markers of severe damage caused by free radicals, and di-tyrosyl is the most significant and sensitive marker of oxidative modification made by γ rays. >Carbonyl stressDNA radicals< which are responsible for mutations. Measurement of an adequate oxidative stress biomarker may not only point to an early onset of disease, its progression and assessment of therapy effectiveness, but can also help in the clarification of the pathophysiological mechanisms of tissue damage caused by oxidative stress, prediction of disease prognosis and choice of appropriate treatment in the early stages of disease.
机译：大分子氧化损伤的新标志物大约50年前就发现了生物材料中自由基的存在。在生理条件下，自由基（首先是氧和氮）是连续合成的，并参与一系列生理过程的调节。有效地从体内消除了过量的自由基，以防止其毒性作用。自由基的毒性作用可分为三类：a）细胞内氧化还原电位的变化，b）脂质，蛋白质和DNA的氧化修饰，以及c）基因激活。涉及细胞膜，脂蛋白和其他分子的脂质过氧化作用导致产生主要的高反应性中间体（烷基，共轭二烯，过氧和烷氧基和脂质氢过氧化物），其进一步分解产生脂质过氧化的次级产物：链蒸发性碳氢化合物，醛和脂质过氧化作用的最终产物：异前列腺素，MDA，4-羟基-2、3-反壬烯醛和4,5-二羟基癸烯，它们是动脉粥样硬化，冠状动脉疾病，急性心肌梗死，类风湿性关节炎，系统性硬化的重要介质和红斑狼疮。蛋白质的氧化修饰通过其一级，二级和三级结构的变化来体现。蛋白质具有特定的生物学功能，因此其修饰会导致独特的功能后果。蛋白质修饰的性质可以提供有关造成损害的氧化剂类型的有效信息。氯酪氨酰是HOCl作用引起的酪氨酸氧化损伤的特定标志物，最常见地反映了中性粒细胞和单核细胞参与氧化应激，而硝基酪氨酰表明存在较高的过氧亚硝酸盐合成。甲硫蛋白和半胱氨酸是对氧化应激最敏感的氨基酸，羰基是自由基造成的严重破坏的标志物，而二酪氨酰是γ射线进行的氧化修饰的最重要和最敏感的标志物。 >羰基应激DNA自由基<，负责突变。适当的氧化应激生物标记物的测量不仅可以指出疾病的早期发作，其进展和治疗效果的评估，还可以帮助阐明由氧化应激引起的组织损伤的病理生理机制，预测疾病的预后和在疾病的早期阶段选择适当的治疗方法。

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