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A comparative genomics study of carbohydrate/glucose metabolic genes: from fish to mammals

机译：碳水化合物/葡萄糖代谢基因的比较基因组学研究：从鱼类到哺乳动物

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Glucose plays a key role as an energy source in most mammals, but its importance in fish appears to be limited that so far seemed to belong to diabetic humans only. Several laboratories worldwide have made important efforts in order to better understand this strange phenotype observed in fish. However, the mechanism of carbohydrate/glucose metabolism is astonishingly complex. Why basal glycaemia is different between fish and mammals and how carbohydrate metabolism is different amongst organisms is largely uncharted territory. The utilization of comparative systems biology with model vertebrates to explore fish metabolism has become an essential approach to unravelling hidden in vivo mechanisms. In this study, we first built a database containing 791, 593, 523, 666 and 698 carbohydrate/glucose metabolic genes from the genomes of Danio rerio, Xenopus tropicalis, Gallus gallus, Mus musculus and Homo sapiens, respectively, and most of these genes in our database are predicted to encode specific enzymes that play roles in defined reactions; over 57% of these genes are related to human type 2 diabetes. Then, we systematically compared these genes and found that more than 70% of the carbohydrate/glucose metabolic genes are conserved in the five species. Interestingly, there are 4 zebrafish-specific genes (si:ch211-167b20.8, CABZ01043017.1, socs9 and eif4e1c) and 1 human-specific gene (CALML6) that may alter glucose utilization in their corresponding species. Interestingly, these 5 genes are all carbohydrate regulation factors, but the enzymes themselves are involved in insulin regulation pathways. Lastly, in order to facilitate the use of our data sets, we constructed a glucose metabolism database platform ( http://101.200.43.1:10000/ ). This study provides the first systematic genomic insights into carbohydrate/glucose metabolism. After exhaustive analysis, we found that most metabolic genes are conserved in vertebrates. This work may resolve some of the complexities of carbohydrate/glucose metabolic heterogeneity amongst different vertebrates and may provide a reference for the treatment of diabetes and for applications in the aquaculture industry.
机译：葡萄糖在大多数哺乳动物中作为能源起着关键作用，但它在鱼类中的重要性似乎受到限制，以至于到目前为止似乎仅属于糖尿病人类。为了更好地了解在鱼类中观察到的这种奇怪的表型，全世界的一些实验室已经做出了重要的努力。但是，碳水化合物/葡萄糖代谢的机制异常复杂。为什么鱼类和哺乳动物之间的基础血糖不同，生物体之间的碳水化合物代谢如何不同，很大程度上尚不清楚。利用具有模型脊椎动物的比较系统生物学来探索鱼类的新陈代谢，已成为揭示隐藏的体内机制的重要方法。在这项研究中，我们首先建立了一个数据库，该数据库分别包含来自达尼奥里约热内卢，热带非洲爪蟾，盖氏家蝇，小家鼠和智人的基因组中的791、593、523、666和698个碳水化合物/葡萄糖代谢基因。在我们的数据库中，预计将编码在特定反应中起作用的特定酶;这些基因中超过57％与人类2型糖尿病有关。然后，我们系统地比较了这些基因，发现在这五个物种中，超过70％的碳水化合物/葡萄糖代谢基因是保守的。有趣的是，有4个斑马鱼特异性基因（si：ch211-167b20.8，CABZ01043017.1，socs9和eif4e1c）和1个人类特异性基因（CALML6）可以改变其相应物种中的葡萄糖利用。有趣的是，这5个基因都是碳水化合物调节因子，但酶本身参与胰岛素调节途径。最后，为了方便使用我们的数据集，我们构建了葡萄糖代谢数据库平台（http://101.200.43.1:10000/）。这项研究提供了碳水化合物/葡萄糖代谢的第一个系统的基因组见解。经过详尽的分析，我们发现大多数代谢基因在脊椎动物中都是保守的。这项工作可以解决不同脊椎动物之间碳水化合物/葡萄糖代谢异质性的某些复杂问题，并可以为糖尿病的治疗和在水产养殖业中的应用提供参考。

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