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Occurrence of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus in Drinking Water Sources in Japan

机译：日本饮用水源中胡椒轻斑驳病毒的发生

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Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a plant virus that has been recently proposed as a potential indicator of human fecal contamination of environmental waters; however, information on its geographical occurrence in surface water is still limited. We aimed to determine the seasonal and geographic occurrence of PMMoV in drinking water sources all over Japan. Between July 2008 and February 2011, 184 source water samples were collected from 30 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); viruses from 1 to 2 liters of each sample were concentrated by using an electronegative membrane, followed by RNA extraction and reverse transcription. Using quantitative PCR, PMMoV was detected in 140 (76%) samples, with a concentration ranging from 2.03 × 10~(3) to 2.90 × 10~(6) copies/liter. At least one of the samples from 27 DWTPs ( n = 4 or 8) was positive for PMMoV; samples from 10 of these DWTPs were always contaminated. There was a significant difference in the occurrence of PMMoV among geographical regions but not a seasonal difference. PMMoV was frequently detected in samples that were negative for human enteric virus or Escherichia coli . A phylogenetic analysis based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the PMMoV coat protein gene in 12 water samples from 9 DWTPs indicated that there are genetically diverse PMMoV strains present in drinking water sources in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the occurrence of PMMoV in environmental waters across wide geographical regions.
机译：胡椒轻斑驳病毒（PMMoV）是一种植物病毒，最近被提出作为人类粪便污染环境水的潜在指标。但是，有关其在地表水中地理分布的信息仍然有限。我们旨在确定全日本饮用水源中PMMoV的季节和地理分布。在2008年7月至2011年2月期间，从30个饮用水处理厂（DWTP）收集了184个水源样品;通过使用电负性膜浓缩1至2升样本中的病毒，然后进行RNA提取和逆转录。使用定量PCR，在140个样品（76％）中检测到PMMoV，浓度范围为2.03×10〜（3）至2.90×10〜（6）拷贝/升。来自27个DWTP的样本中至少有一个样本（n = 4或8）对PMMoV呈阳性。这些DWTP中有10个样品始终受到污染。地理区域之间PMMoV的发生存在显着差异，但没有季节性差异。在人肠道病毒或大肠杆菌阴性的样本中经常检测到PMMoV。根据9个DWTP的12个水样中PMMoV外壳蛋白基因的部分核苷酸序列进行的系统进化分析表明，日本的饮用水水源中存在遗传多样性的PMMoV株。据我们所知，这是第一项证明PMMoV在广泛地理区域的环境水中发生的研究。

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