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首页> 外文期刊>Infection and immunity >Inhibition of Local Immune Responses by the Frog-Killing Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
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Inhibition of Local Immune Responses by the Frog-Killing Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis

机译：青蛙杀死真菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis对局部免疫反应的抑制作用。

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Amphibians are suffering unprecedented global declines. A leading cause is the infectious disease chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Chytridiomycosis is a skin disease which disrupts transport of essential ions leading to death. Soluble factors produced by B. dendrobatidis impair amphibian and mammalian lymphocytes in vitro, but previous studies have not shown the effects of these inhibitory factors in vivo. To demonstrate in vivo inhibition of immunity by B. dendrobatidis, a modified delayed-type-hypersensitivity (DTH) protocol was developed to induce innate and adaptive inflammatory swelling in the feet of Xenopus laevis by injection of killed bacteria or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Compared to previous protocols for PHA injection in amphibians, this method induced up to 20-fold greater inflammatory swelling. Using this new protocol, we measured DTH responses induced by killed bacteria or PHA in the presence of B. dendrobatidis supernatants. Swelling induced by single injection of PHA or killed bacteria was not significantly affected by B. dendrobatidis supernatants. However, swelling caused by a secondary injection of PHA, was significantly reduced by B. dendrobatidis supernatants. As previously described in vitro, factors from B. dendrobatidis appear to inhibit lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory swelling but not swelling caused by an inducer of innate leukocytes. This suggests that B. dendrobatidis is capable of inhibiting lymphocytes in a localized response to prevent adaptive immune responses in the skin. The modified protocol used to induce inflammatory swelling in the present study may be more effective than previous methods to investigate amphibian immune competence, particularly in nonmodel species.
机译：两栖动物正遭受前所未有的全球衰退。主要原因是由乳糜菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis引起的感染性乳糜菌病。壶菌病是一种皮肤疾病，会破坏必需离子的运输，导致死亡。 B. dendrobatidis产生的可溶性因子在体外会损害两栖动物和哺乳动物的淋巴细胞，但以前的研究尚未显示这些抑制因子在体内的作用。为了证明B. dendrobatidis对体内免疫的抑制作用，开发了一种改良的迟发型超敏反应（DTH）方案，通过注射杀灭细菌来诱导非洲爪蟾足部先天性和适应性炎性肿胀或植物血凝素（PHA）。与以前的两栖动物注射PHA方案相比，此方法可引起高达20倍的炎性肿胀。使用此新协议，我们测量了在B. dendrobatidis上清液存在下被杀死的细菌或PHA诱导的DTH反应。单次注射PHA或杀死的细菌引起的肿胀不受B. dendrobatidis上清液的明显影响。但是，树状芽孢杆菌的上清液可显着减少二次注射PHA引起的肿胀。如先前体外所述，来自B. dendrobatidis的因子似乎抑制淋巴细胞介导的炎性肿胀，但不能抑制先天性白细胞诱导剂引起的肿胀。这表明B. dendrobatidis能够在局部反应中抑制淋巴细胞，从而防止皮肤中的适应性免疫反应。在本研究中，用于诱发炎症性肿胀的改良方案可能比以前的方法更有效，以研究两栖类动物的免疫能力，特别是在非模型物种中。

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