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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of bacteriology >Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts
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Living with Genome Instability: the Adaptation of Phytoplasmas to Diverse Environments of Their Insect and Plant Hosts

机译：与基因组不稳定生活：植原体适应其昆虫和植物宿主的不同环境

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Phytoplasmas (“Candidatus Phytoplasma,” class Mollicutes) cause disease in hundreds of economically important plants and are obligately transmitted by sap-feeding insects of the order Hemiptera, mainly leafhoppers and psyllids. The 706,569-bp chromosome and four plasmids of aster yellows phytoplasma strain witches' broom (AY-WB) were sequenced and compared to the onion yellows phytoplasma strain M (OY-M) genome. The phytoplasmas have small repeat-rich genomes. This comparative analysis revealed that the repeated DNAs are organized into large clusters of potential mobile units (PMUs), which contain tra5 insertion sequences (ISs) and genes for specialized sigma factors and membrane proteins. So far, these PMUs appear to be unique to phytoplasmas. Compared to mycoplasmas, phytoplasmas lack several recombination and DNA modification functions, and therefore, phytoplasmas may use different mechanisms of recombination, likely involving PMUs, for the creation of variability, allowing phytoplasmas to adjust to the diverse environments of plants and insects. The irregular GC skews and the presence of ISs and large repeated sequences in the AY-WB and OY-M genomes are indicative of high genomic plasticity. Nevertheless, segments of ～250 kb located between the lplA and glnQ genes are syntenic between the two phytoplasmas and contain the majority of the metabolic genes and no ISs. AY-WB appears to be further along in the reductive evolution process than OY-M. The AY-WB genome is ～154 kb smaller than the OY-M genome, primarily as a result of fewer multicopy sequences, including PMUs. Furthermore, AY-WB lacks genes that are truncated and are part of incomplete pathways in OY-M.
机译：植原体（“ Candidatus 植原体，” Mollicutes 类）在数百种经济上重要的植物中引起疾病​​，并由半翅目（Hemiptera）的树液喂养昆虫（主要是叶蝉和木虱）专门传播。 。对这条706,569-bp的染色体和四个质粒进行了测序，并与洋葱黄浆原体菌株M（OY-M）基因组进行了比较。质原体的重复基因组较小。这项比较分析表明，重复的DNA被组织成潜在的移动单元（PMU）的大簇，其中包含 tra5 插入序列（IS）和专门的sigma因子和膜蛋白的基因。到目前为止，这些PMU似乎对植物质原体是唯一的。与支原体相比，植物原质缺乏几种重组和DNA修饰功能，因此，植物原质可能使用不同的重组机制（可能涉及PMU）来产生变异性，从而使植物原质适应植物和昆虫的不同环境。 GC的不规则偏斜以及AY-WB和OY-M基因组中IS的存在以及大量重复序列的出现表明了高基因组可塑性。但是，位于 lplA 和 glnQ 基因之间的〜250 kb片段在两个植物质浆之间是同系的，并且包含大多数代谢基因，并且没有IS。 AY-WB在还原进化过程中似乎比OY-M更远。 AY-WB基因组比OY-M基因组小约154 kb，这主要是由于包括PMU在内的多拷贝序列较少所致。此外，AY-WB缺乏被截短的基因，并且是OY-M中不完整途径的一部分。

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