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Evidence for novel epigenetic marks within plants

机译：植物中新型表观遗传痕迹的证据

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Variation in patterns of gene expression can result from modifications in the genome that occur without a change in the sequence of the DNA; such modifications include methylation of cytosine to generate 5-methylcytosine (5mC) resulting in the generation of heritable epimutation and novel epialleles. This type of non-sequence variation is called epigenetics. The enzymes responsible for generation of such DNA modifications in mammals are named DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) including DNMT1, DNMT2 and DNMT3. The later stages of oxidations to these modifications are catalyzed by Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins, which contain catalytic domains belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase family. In various mammalian cells/tissues including embryonic stem cells, cancer cells and brain tissues, it has been confirmed that these proteins are able to induce the stepwise oxidization of 5-methyl cytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and finally 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Each stage from initial methylation until the end of the DNA demethylation process is considered as a specific epigenetic mark that may regulate gene expression. This review discusses controversial evidence for the presence of such oxidative products, particularly 5hmC, in various plant species. Whereas some reports suggest no evidence for enzymatic DNA demethylation, other reports suggest that the presence of oxidative products is followed by the active demethylation and indicate the contribution of possible TET-like proteins in the regulation of gene expression in plants. The review also summarizes the results obtained by expressing the human TET conserved catalytic domain in transgenic plants.
机译：基因表达模式的变化可以由在没有变化的基因组中的修饰来导致DNA序列的变化;这些修饰包括胞嘧啶的甲基化，以产生5-甲基胞嘧啶（5MC），导致产生遗传性偏差和新型EPIALLELES。这种类型的非序列变异称为表观遗传学。负责在哺乳动物中产生这种DNA修饰的酶被命名为DNA甲基转移酶（DNMT），包括DNMT1，DNMT2和DNMT3。这些修饰的后来氧化阶段催化为1011级易位（TET）蛋白质，其含有属于2-氧氧化术依赖性二氧化酶系列的催化结构域。在包括胚胎干细胞，癌细胞和脑组织的各种哺乳动物细胞/组织中，已经证实这些蛋白质能够诱导5-甲基胞嘧啶至5-羟甲基胞嘧啶（5HMC），5-甲酰胞嘧啶（5FC）的逐步氧化，最后5-羧基胞嘧啶（5cac）。从初始甲基化的每个阶段直到DNA去甲基化过程的结束被认为是可以调节基因表达的特定表观遗传标记。该审查讨论了争议的氧化产品存在，特别是5HMC，在各种植物物种中存在。然而，一些报告表明没有酶促DNA去甲基化的证据，但其他报告表明氧化产物的存在之后是活性去甲基化，并表明可能的TET样蛋白在调节植物中基因表达中的贡献。审查还总结了通过在转基因植物中表达人TET保守催化结构域获得的结果。

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