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Preparing for the crewed Mars journey: microbiota dynamics in the confined Mars500 habitat during simulated Mars flight and landing

机译：准备船员火星之旅：在模拟火星飞行和着陆期间狭窄的Mars500栖息地的Microbiota动态

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The Mars500 project was conceived as the first full duration simulation of a crewed return flight to Mars. For 520?days, six crew members lived confined in a specifically designed spacecraft mock-up. The herein described "MIcrobial ecology of Confined Habitats and humAn health" (MICHA) experiment was implemented to acquire comprehensive microbiota data from this unique, confined manned habitat, to retrieve important information on the occurring microbiota dynamics, the microbial load and diversity in the air and on various surfaces. In total, 360 samples from 20 (9 air, 11 surface) locations were taken at 18 time-points and processed by extensive cultivation, PhyloChip and next generation sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Cultivation assays revealed a Staphylococcus and Bacillus-dominated microbial community on various surfaces, with an average microbial load that did not exceed the allowed limits for ISS in-flight requirements indicating adequate maintenance of the facility. Areas with high human activity were identified as hotspots for microbial accumulation. Despite substantial fluctuation with respect to microbial diversity and abundance throughout the experiment, the location within the facility and the confinement duration were identified as factors significantly shaping the microbial diversity and composition, with the crew representing the main source for microbial dispersal. Opportunistic pathogens, stress-tolerant or potentially mobile element-bearing microorganisms were predicted to be prevalent throughout the confinement, while the overall microbial diversity dropped significantly over time. Our findings clearly indicate that under confined conditions, the community structure remains a highly dynamic system which adapts to the prevailing habitat and micro-conditions. Since a sterile environment is not achievable, these dynamics need to be monitored to avoid spreading of highly resistant or potentially pathogenic microorganisms and a potentially harmful decrease of microbial diversity. If necessary, countermeasures are required, to maintain a healthy, diverse balance of beneficial, neutral and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms. Our results serve as an important data collection for (i) future risk estimations of crewed space flight, (ii) an optimized design and planning of a spacecraft mission and (iii) for the selection of appropriate microbial monitoring approaches and potential countermeasures, to ensure a microbiologically safe space-flight environment.
机译：MARS500项目被认为是第一次持续时间模拟到火星的船员。 520年？天，六名船员在专门设计的航天器模拟中限制了。本文所述的“狭窄的栖息地和人类健康的微生物生态学”（MICHA）实验实施，从而从这种独特的狭隘的载有栖息地获得综合的微生物群数据，以检索有关发生的微生物群动态，微生物负荷和空气中的多样性的重要信息在各种表面上。总共，从20（9空气，11个表面）位置的360个样品在18个时间点上拍摄，并通过16S rRNA基因扩增子的广泛培养，培养和下一代测序（NGS）加工。培养测定揭示了在各种表面上的葡萄球菌和芽孢杆菌标准的微生物群落，其平均微生物载荷不超过用于在飞行中的允许的空间要求的允许限制，这表明设施适当维护。人类活动高的区域被鉴定为微生物积累的热点。尽管在整个实验中对微生物多样性和丰度进行了大幅波动，但设施内的位置和监禁持续时间被确定为显着塑造微生物多样性和组成的因素，其中包括用于微生物分散的主要来源的机组人员。预计在整个限制过程中预测会机会主义病原体，应力或潜在的移动元素的微生物，而整体微生物多样性随着时间的推移而显着降低。我们的研究结果清楚地表明，在狭隘的条件下，社区结构仍然是一种高度动态的系统，适应普遍存在的栖息地和微观条件。由于不可能实现无菌环境，因此需要监测这些动态，以避免对高度抗性或潜在的致病微生物传播和微生物多样性的潜在有害降低。如有必要，需要对策，以维持健康，多样化的有益，中性和机会致病微生物。我们的结果作为（i）未来风险估算的重要数据收集，（ii）航天器任务和（iii）的优化设计和规划，用于选择适当的微生物监测方法和潜在对策，以确保微生物安全的空间环境。

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