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首页> 外文期刊>Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery >Optical coherence tomography characterizes the roughness and thickness of the heterogeneous layer on cortical bone surface induced by Er:YAG laser ablation at different moisture contents
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Optical coherence tomography characterizes the roughness and thickness of the heterogeneous layer on cortical bone surface induced by Er:YAG laser ablation at different moisture contents

机译：光学相干断层扫描特征在于ER的皮质骨表面上的异质层的粗糙度和厚度：在不同的水分含量下的YAG激光烧蚀

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Background: As an innovative bone ablation tool, pulsed erbium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser is being used in clinical practice. It faces the same problems as traditional tools: the water content of bone usually changes with the position, while the amount of water spray in the process of laser irradiation is also uncertain. Real-time monitoring of the effects of laser bone ablation is necessary, but effective tools are still lacking. In this study, we examined the feasibility of rapidly and non-destructively evaluating the surface properties of bone after Er:YAG laser irradiation at different moisture contents by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Bone specimens (n=90) collected from pig cortical bone were used in this study. All bone specimens had similar volume and surface characteristics after machining. To display the baseline level before Er:YAG laser ablation, a control group (n=10) without dehydration or Er:YAG laser ablation was examined with OCT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The remaining specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n=20/group) with different moisture content: dried (Group 2 and Group 4) or not dried (Group 1 and Group 3). Pulsed Er:YAG laser (120 mJ/pulse, 20 Hz, 100 μs) was used for perpendicular irradiation with (Group 1 and Group 2) or without (Group 3 and Group 4) water spray. The treated specimens were subjected to SEM, EDX spectroscopy, OCT, and then processed for histological evaluation. Results: After Er:YAG laser ablation, the melting effect was obvious in the SEM results of the dry groups and non-sprayed groups (Groups 2–4). EDX spectroscopy showed that the content of calcium and phosphorus and their ratios remained unchanged in the undried and with water spray group (Group 1) were the closest to the control group. Three-dimensional (3D) OCT could evaluate the depth and shape of ablation grooves. The roughness of the laser-ablated surface could be visualized by extracting the surface lines from cross-sectional OCT images. The results illustrated that the laser ablation with water spray could achieve a smoother surface. Furthermore, OCT results demonstrated that a layer with high image intensity was generated on the bone surface after laser irradiation. The thickness of these layers showed a correlation with whether or not the laser irradiation was sprayed with water. Histology showed that thin eosin-stained layers were created in all experimental groups, which matched well with OCT results of the layers with high image intensity. No denatured layer was observed in the non-irradiated areas of bone tissues. Conclusions: OCT could rapidly and non-destructively visualize the bone surface before and after Er:YAG laser ablation at four different moisture contents. The morphology of ablation grooves, as well as the roughness and thickness of the heterogeneous layer on the bone surface, could be characterized quantitatively with good correlation with SEM and histology. This study will promote the development of OCT as an efficient and accurate tool for evaluating laser ablation of bone.
机译：背景：作为一种创新的骨烧蚀工​​具，脉冲erbium：钇 - 铝 - 石榴石（ER：YAG）激光正在临床实践中使用。它面临与传统工具相同的问题：骨的含水量通常随着位置而变化，而激光照射过程中的水喷雾量也不确定。需要实时监测激光骨烧蚀的影响，但仍然缺乏有效的工具。在这项研究中，我们检查了易于和无损性地评估ER之后的骨骼表面性质的可行性：通过光学相干断层扫描（OCT）在不同水分含量下的YAG激光照射。方法：本研究使用从猪皮质骨收集的骨标本（n = 90）。机械加工后，所有骨标本都具有相似的体积和表面特性。为了显示ER之前的基线水平：YAG激光烧蚀，无脱水或ER的对照组（n = 10）：用OCT，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量分散X射线（EDX）光谱检查YAG激光烧蚀。将剩余的样品随机分为四组（n = 20 /组），具有不同的水分含量：干燥（第2组和第4组）或不干燥（第1组和第3组）。脉冲ER：YAG激光（120mJ /脉冲，20Hz，100μs）用于垂直照射（第1组和第2组）或没有（第3组和第4组）水喷雾。对处理的标本进行SEM，EDX光谱，OCT，然后加工用于组织学评估。结果：在ER：YAG激光烧蚀后，在干燥基团的SEM结果和未喷涂基团的SEM结果中熔化效果明显（第2-4组）。 EDX光谱表明，在未润湿的和水喷雾组（第1组）中，钙和磷的含量和它们的比率保持不变，并与对照组最接近对照组。三维（3D）OCT可以评估消融槽的深度和形状。通过从横截面OCT图像中提取表面线来可视化激光烧蚀表面的粗糙度。结果表明，与水喷雾的激光烧蚀可以实现更平滑的表面。此外，OCT结果表明，在激光照射后在骨表面上产生具有高图像强度的层。这些层的厚度显示出激光辐射是否用水喷洒的相关性。组织学表明，在所有实验组中产生薄的曙红染色层，其与具有高图像强度的层的OCT结果匹配。在骨组织的非照射区域中没有观察到变性层。结论：OCT可以在eR之前和之后迅速且无损地可视化骨表面：在四种不同的水分含量下的YAG激光消融。消融槽的形态以及骨表面上的异构层的粗糙度和厚度，可以用与SEM和组织学的良好相关性来定量表征。本研究将促进10月的发展，作为评估骨骼激光消融的高效准确的工具。

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