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首页> 外文期刊>Atmospheric chemistry and physics >The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions
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The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions

机译：船舶排放对哥德堡地区空气质量和人类健康的影响 - 第1部分：2012年排放

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Ship emissions in and around ports are of interest for urban air quality management in many harbour cities. We investigated the impact of regional and local ship emissions on urban air quality for 2012 conditions in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, the largest cargo port in Scandinavia. In order to assess the effects of ship emissions, a coupled regional- and local-scale model system has been set up using ship emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea as well as in and around the port of Gothenburg. Ship emissions were calculated with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM), taking into account individual vessel characteristics and vessel activity data. The calculated contributions from local and regional shipping to local air pollution in Gothenburg were found to be substantial, especially in areas around the city ports. The relative contribution from local shipping to annual mean NO2 concentrations was 14 % as the model domain average, while the relative contribution from regional shipping in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was 26 %. In an area close to the city terminals, the contribution of NO2 from local shipping (33 %) was higher than that of road traffic (28 %), which indicates the importance of controlling local shipping emissions. Local shipping emissions of NOx led to a decrease in the summer mean O3 levels in the city by 0.5 ppb (～2 %) on average. Regional shipping led to a slight increase in O3 concentrations; however, the overall effect of regional and the local shipping together was a small decrease in the summer mean O3 concentrations in the city. In addition, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from local shipping compensate up to 4 ppb of the decrease in summer O3 concentrations due to the NO titration effect. For particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5), local ship emissions contributed only 3 % to the annual mean in the model domain, while regional shipping under 2012 conditions was a larger contributor, with an annual mean contribution of 11 % of the city domain average. Based on the modelled local and regional shipping contributions, the health effects of PM2.5, NO2 and ozone were assessed using the ALPHA-RiskPoll (ARP) model. An effect of the shipping-associated PM2.5 exposure in the modelled area was a mean decrease in the life expectancy by 0.015 years per person. The relative contribution of local shipping to the impact of total PM2.5 was 2.2 %, which can be compared to the 5.3 % contribution from local road traffic. The relative contribution of the regional shipping was 10.3 %. The mortalities due to the exposure to NO2 associated with shipping were calculated to be 2.6?premature?deaths yr?1. The relative contribution of local and regional shipping to the total exposure to NO2 in the reference simulation was 14 % and 21 %, respectively. The shipping-related ozone exposures were due to the NO titration effect leading to a negative number of premature deaths. Our study shows that overall health impacts of regional shipping can be more significant than those of local shipping, emphasizing that abatement policy options on city-scale air pollution require close cooperation across governance levels. Our findings indicate that the strengthened Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECAs) fuel sulphur limit from 1 % to 0.1 % in 2015, leading to a strong decrease in the formation of secondary particulate matter on a regional scale was an important step in improving the air quality in the city.
机译：港口及其周围的船舶排放对许多海港城市的城市空气质量管理有兴趣。我们调查了区域和当地船舶排放对2012年哥德堡市的城市空气质量的影响，瑞典斯堪的纳维亚最大的货运港口。为了评估船舶排放的影响，使用波罗的海和北海以及哥德堡港口和周围地区建立了耦合的区域和本地规模模型系统。通过船舶交通发射评估模型（Steam）计算船舶排放，考虑到各个船只特征和船舶活动数据。发现当地和区域航运到哥德兰堡局部空气污染的计算贡献是大量的，特别是在城市港口周围的地区。当地运输到年平均2号浓度的相对贡献为模型领域平均值为14％，而北海和波罗的海区域航运的相对贡献为26％。在靠近城市终端的区域，No2从本地航运（33％）的贡献高于道路交通（28％），这表明控制本地运输排放的重要性。 NOx的本地运送排放导致夏季平均跌幅下降0.5 ppb（〜2％）平均。区域航运导致O3浓度略有增加;然而，区域和当地航运的整体效果在一起的夏季平均较小的浓度较小。此外，由于无滴定效应，本地航运的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）排放量可补偿夏季O3浓度的4ppb。对于具有小于或等于2.5μm（PM2.5）的中间空气动力学直径的颗粒物质，当地船舶排放仅贡献了模型领域的年度平均值的3％，而2012年根据2012年的区域航运是一个更大的贡献者，有一个年平均贡献11％的城市领域平均水平。基于所建模的本地和区域航运贡献，使用Alpha-Riskpoll（ARP）模型评估PM2.5，NO2和臭氧的健康效果。在建模区域中的送货相关的PM2.5暴露的效果是每人预期寿命的平均下降0.015岁。本地运输到总PM2.5的影响的相对贡献为2.2％，可以与当地道路交通的5.3％的贡献进行比较。区域航运的相对贡献为10.3％。根据与运费相关的NO2导致的死亡率被计算为2.6？早产？死亡YR？1。局部和区域航运到参考模拟中的NO2的相对贡献分别为14％和21％。运输相关的臭氧曝光是由于没有滴定效应导致负面死亡的负数。我们的研究表明，区域航运的整体健康影响可能比本地运输更重要，强调消减政策选择城市规模的空气污染，需要在治理层面密切合作。我们的研究结果表明，2015年加强硫排放控制区域（SECA）硫磺排放控制区域（SECAS）燃料硫的限制为1％至0.1％，导致在区域规模上形成二次颗粒物质的形成是提高空气质量的重要一步在城市。

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