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In vitro/In vivo assessment and mechanisms of toxicity of bioceramic materials and its wear particulates

机译：体外/体内评估和生物陶瓷材料的毒性机制及其磨损颗粒

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With the progress in modern technological research, novel biomaterials are being largely developed for various biomedical applications. Over the past two decades, most of the research focuses on the development of a new generation of bioceramics as substitutes for hard tissue replacement. In reference to their application in different anatomical locations of a patient, newly developed bioceramic materials can potentially induce a toxic/harmful effect to the host tissues. Therefore, prior to clinical testing, relevant biochemical screening assays are to be performed at the cellular and molecular level, to address the issues of biocompatibility and long term performance of the implants. Along with testing strategies in the bulk material toxicity, a detailed evaluation should also be conducted to determine the toxicity of the wear products of the potential bioceramics. This is important as the bioceramics are intended to be implanted in patients with longer life expectancy and notwithstanding, the material will eventually release finer (mostly nanosized) sized debris particles due to continuous wear at articulating surfaces in the hostile corrosive environment of the human body. The wear particulates generated from a biocompatible bioceramic may act in a different way, inducing early/late aseptic loosening at the implant site, resulting in osteolysis and inflammation. Hence, a study on the chronic effects of the wear particulates, in terms of local and systemic toxicity becomes the major criteria in the toxicity evaluation of implantable bioceramics. In this broad perspective, this article summarizes some of the currently used techniques and knowledge in assessing the in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of bioceramic implant materials. It also addresses the need to conduct a broad evaluation before claiming the biocompatibility and clinical feasibility of any new biomaterial. This review also emphasizes some of the case studies based on the experimental designs that are currently followed and its importance in the context of clinical applications.
机译：随着现代技术研究的进展，新型生物材料在很大程度上为各种生物医学应用而开发。在过去的二十年中，大多数研究侧重于开发新一代生物陶瓷作为硬组织更换的替代品。参考其在患者的不同解剖位置的应用，新开发的生物陶瓷材料可以潜在地对宿主组织诱导毒性/有害影响。因此，在临床测试之前，在细胞和分子水平上进行相关的生化筛查测定，以解决植入物的生物相容性和长期性能的问题。除了散装材料毒性中的测试策略以及还应进行详细的评估，以确定潜在的生物陶瓷的磨损产品的毒性。这是重要的，因为生物陶瓷旨在植入寿命寿命较长的患者，并且尽管如此，由于在人体的敌对腐蚀环境中铰接表面的连续磨损，材料最终将释放细粒（大多数纳米化）大小的碎屑颗粒。从生物相容性生物陶瓷产生的磨损颗粒可以以不同的方式起作用，诱导植入部位的早期/晚期无菌松动，导致骨解和炎症。因此，就局部和全身毒性而言，耐磨性颗粒的慢性效应的研究成为可植入生物陶瓷的毒性评价的主要标准。在这一广播中，本文总结了一些目前使用的技术和知识，用于评估体外和体内细胞毒性和生物陶瓷植入材料的遗传毒性。它还解决了在索取任何新生物材料的生物相容性和临床可行性之前进行广泛评估的必要性。本综述还强调了基于目前随访的实验设计的一些案例研究以及其在临床应用的背景下的重要性。

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