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Fault detection of low global warming potential refrigerant supermarket refrigeration system: Experimental investigation

机译：低全球变暖潜在制冷剂超市制冷系统的故障检测：实验调查

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As one of the most energy-intensive end-uses in the commercial buildings sector, supermarkets consume around 50 kWh/ft2 (or 537.6 kWh/m2) of electricity annually, or more than 2 million kWh of electricity per year for a typical store. The biggest consumer of energy in a supermarket is its refrigeration system, which accounts for 40–60% of its total electricity usage and is equivalent to about 2–3% of the total energy consumed by commercial buildings in United States, or around 0.5 quadrillion Btu (or 0.53 quadrillion KJ). Also, the supermarket refrigeration system is one of the biggest consumers of refrigerants. Current supermarket refrigeration systems rely on high global warming potential hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants. Reducing refrigerant usage or using environment friendly alternatives can result in significant climate benefits. The refrigeration system can also be adapted to handle flexible building loads and be integrated into grid response transactive control to balance the supply and demand of the electric grid. Even minor improvements in the efficiency and operational reliability of supermarket refrigeration systems can create significant value in terms of saving energy, improving food quality, protecting the environment, reducing carbon footprint, and enhancing electric grid resilience. Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) techniques can be used to support refrigeration system operators in achieving these benefits. However, compare to FDD of other building heating, ventilation and air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) equipment and systems which has attracted extensive FDD studies for decades, FDD of supermarket refrigeration systems, especially for low GWP refrigerant supermarket refrigeration system, has not gained enough attention from researchers. One of the key challenges is lack of available testing datasets to benchmark the system performance and record the faulted performance for system FDD research. This study selects several common faults of supermarket refrigeration systems, including display case door open, ice accumulation, expansive valve failure, and fan failure, to conduct experimental study to identify their fault characteristics, benchmark their faulted performance, then create a FDD characteristics matrix to support next step research on the development of supermarket refrigeration system FDD methods and field automated FDD implementation.
机译：作为商业建筑业的最能密集型最终用​​途之一，超市每年消耗大约50千瓦时/ FT2（或537.6千瓦时/平方米），或者每年超过200万千瓦时的典型商店。超市中最大的消费能源是其制冷系统，占其总电费的40-60％，相当于美国在美国商业建筑所消耗的总能量的约2-3％，或者约为0.5千分之二BTU（或0.53 Quadrillion KJ）。此外，超市制冷系统是制冷剂最大的消费者之一。目前的超市制冷系统依靠高全球变暖潜在的氢氟碳制冷剂。减少制冷剂使用或使用环境友好替代品可导致具有重要的气候效益。制冷系统还可以适用于处理柔性建筑负载，并集成到电网响应传动控制中，以平衡电网的供需。即使在超市制冷系统的效率和操作可靠性方面的微小改进也可以在节约能源，提高食物质量，保护环境，减少碳足迹和增强电网弹性方面产生重大价值。故障检测和诊断（FDD）技术可用于支持制冷系统运营商实现这些优势。然而，与其他建筑物加热，通风和空调和制冷（HVAC＆R）设备和系统的FDD相比，已经吸引了几十年的广泛FDD研究，超市制冷系统的FDD，特别是对于低GWP制冷剂超市制冷系统并未获得从研究人员身上的足够重视。其中一个关键挑战是缺乏可用的测试数据集，以基准系统性能并记录系统FDD研究的故障性能。本研究选择超市制冷系统的几种常见故障，包括展示柜门开放，冰积累，膨胀阀门故障和风扇故障，进行实验研究，以确定其故障特性，基准其故障性能，然后创建FDD特性矩阵支持下一步研究超市制冷系统FDD方法的开发和现场自动FDD实现。

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