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首页> 外文期刊>Applied Microbiology >Zinkicide Is a ZnO-Based Nanoformulation with Bactericidal Activity against Liberibacter crescens in Batch Cultures and in Microfluidic Chambers Simulating Plant Vascular Systems
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Zinkicide Is a ZnO-Based Nanoformulation with Bactericidal Activity against Liberibacter crescens in Batch Cultures and in Microfluidic Chambers Simulating Plant Vascular Systems

机译：Zinkicide是一种基于ZnO的纳米型纳米型，其杀菌活性对批量培养物和微流体腔室模拟植物血管系统的微流体腔室

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Phloem-limited bacterial “ Candidatus Liberibacter” species are associated with incurable plant diseases worldwide. Antimicrobial treatments for these pathogens are challenging due to the difficulty of reaching the vascular tissue they occupy at bactericidal concentrations. Here, in vitro antimicrobial mechanisms of Zinkicide TMN110 (ZnK), a nonphytotoxic zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanoformulation, were compared to those of bulk ZnO (b-ZnO) using as a model the only culturable species of the genus, Liberibacter crescens . Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determination and time-kill assays showed that ZnK has a bactericidal effect against L. crescens , whereas b-ZnO is bacteriostatic. When ZnK was used at the MBC (150?ppm), its antimicrobial mechanisms included an increase in Zn solubility, generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and cell membrane disruption; all of these were of greater intensity than those of b-ZnO. Inhibition of biofilms, which are important during insect vector colonization, was stronger by ZnK than by b-ZnO at concentrations between 2.5 and 10?ppm in batch cultures; however, neither ZnK nor b-ZnO removed L. crescens preformed biofilms when applied between 100 and 400?ppm. In microfluidic chambers simulating source-to-sink phloem movement, ZnK significantly outperformed b-ZnO in Zn mobilization and bactericidal activity against L. crescens planktonic cells in sink reservoirs. In microfluidic chamber assays assessing antibiofilm activity, ZnK displayed a significantly enhanced bactericidal activity against L. crescens individual attached cells as well as preformed biofilms compared to that of b-ZnO. The superior mobility and antimicrobial activity of ZnK in microenvironments make this formulation a promising product to control plant diseases caused by “ Candidatus Liberibacter” species and other plant vascular pathogens.IMPORTANCE “ Candidatus Liberibacter” species are associated with incurable plant diseases that have caused billions of dollars of losses for United States and world agriculture. Chemical control of these pathogens is complicated, because their life cycle combines intracellular vascular stages in plant hosts with transmission by highly mobile insect vectors. To date, “ Candidatus Liberibacter” species are mostly unculturable, except for Liberibacter crescens , a member of the genus that has been used as a model for in vitro assays. Here, we evaluated the potential of Zinkicide (ZnK) as an antimicrobial against “ Candidatus Liberibacter” species in batch cultures and under flow conditions, using L. crescens as a biological model. ZnK displayed bactericidal activity against L. crescens in batch cultures and showed increased mobility and bactericidal activity in microfluidic devices resembling “ Candidatus Liberibacter” species natural habitats. ZnK performance observed here against L. crescens makes this compound a promising candidate to control plant diseases caused by vascular pathogens.
机译：Phloem-Limited细菌“Candidatus Libister”物种与全世界的可治区疾病有关。由于难以达到杀菌浓度的血管组织难以达到血管组织，这些病原体的抗菌药物是挑战性的。在此，将Zinkicide TMN110（ZnK）的体外抗微生物机制（ZnK），基于非对毒素氧化锌（ZnO）的纳米型血管型进行比较，与本体ZnO（B-ZnO）的含量相比，使用本型唯一的植物植物（B-ZnO），Libisibacter Crescens的唯一可培养物种。最小杀菌浓度（MBC）测定和时间杀灭测定表明，ZnK对L. Crescens具有杀菌作用，而B-ZnO是抑菌的。当在MBC（150℃）使用ZnK时，其抗微生物机制包括Zn溶解度的增加，细胞内反应性氧物质，脂质过氧化和细胞膜破坏;所有这些都比B-ZnO更强烈。在昆虫载体定植期间重要的生物膜的抑制作用比在分批培养物中的2.5和10μppm之间的浓度的ZnK更强。然而，ZnK和B-ZnO均未取出L.施加100至400μppm之间的凝固凝固的生物膜。在微流体腔室中模拟源区水槽运动，Zn动员中的Zn显着优于B-ZnO，对L. Crescens氏植物细胞的抗菌活性在水槽储存器中。在微流体室测定中评估抗血栓活性，ZnK针对L.突出的杀菌活性显着增强了抗菌状物的单独附着细胞以及与B-ZnO相比的预制生物膜。 ZnK在微环境中的优异迁移率和抗微生物活性使得该制剂使其具有控制由“Candidatus Libibacter”物种和其他植物血管病原体引起的植物疾病的产品。分析“Candidatus Libibacter”物种与造成数十亿的植物疾病有关。美元亏损美国和世界农业。这些病原体的化学控制是复杂的，因为它们的生命周期结合了植物主机中的细胞内血管阶段通过高度移动昆虫载体传输。迄今为止，“Candidatus Libibacter”物种大多是不脱模的，除了Libistibacter Crescens之外，属的属植物的成员被用作体外测定模型。在这里，我们评估了Zinkicide（ZnK）作为抗微生物的抗菌药物，以批量培养物和在流动条件下，使用L.Crescens作为生物学模型。 Znk在分批培养物中针对L.Crescens展示了杀菌活性，并在类似于“Candidatus Libibacter”物种自然栖息地的微流体装置中的迁移率和杀菌活性增加。在此针对L. Crescens观察到的ZnK性能使得该化合物成为对控制血管病原体引起的植物疾病的有希望的候选者。

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