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首页> 外文期刊>Applied Microbiology >Hyperlocal Variation in Soil Iron and the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Determines Dollar Spot Development in Amenity Turfgrass
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Hyperlocal Variation in Soil Iron and the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Determines Dollar Spot Development in Amenity Turfgrass

机译：土壤铁和根际细菌群落中的血清变异决定了富有植物的美元点发展

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Dollar spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Clarireedia spp., is an economically important foliar disease of amenity turfgrass in temperate climates worldwide. This disease often occurs in a highly variable manner, even on a local scale with relatively uniform environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms behind this local variation, focusing on contributions of the soil and rhizosphere microbiome. Turfgrass, rhizosphere, and bulk soil samples were collected from within a 256-m~(2) area of healthy turfgrass, transported to a controlled environment chamber, and inoculated with Clarireedia jacksonii . Bacterial communities were profiled by targeting the 16S rRNA gene, and 16 different soil chemical properties were assessed. Despite their initial uniform appearance, the samples differentiated into highly susceptible and moderately susceptible groups following inoculation in the controlled environment chamber. The highly susceptible samples harbored a unique rhizosphere microbiome with suggestively lower relative abundance of putative antibiotic-producing bacterial taxa and higher predicted abundance of genes associated with xenobiotic biodegradation pathways. In addition, stepwise regression revealed that bulk soil iron content was the only significant soil characteristic that positively regressed with decreased dollar spot susceptibility during the peak disease development stage. These findings suggest that localized variation in soil iron induces the plant to select for a particular rhizosphere microbiome that alters the disease outcome. More broadly, further research in this area may indicate how plot-scale variability in soil properties can drive variable plant disease development through alterations in the rhizosphere microbiome.IMPORTANCE Dollar spot is the most economically important disease of amenity turfgrass, and more fungicides are applied targeting dollar spot than any other turfgrass disease. Dollar spot symptoms are small (3 to 5?cm), circular patches that develop in a highly variable manner within plot scale even under seemingly uniform conditions. The mechanism behind this variable development is unknown. This study observed that differences in dollar spot development over a 256-m~(2) area were associated with differences in bulk soil iron concentration and correlated with a particular rhizosphere microbiome. These findings provide interesting avenues for future research to further characterize the mechanisms behind the highly variable development of dollar spot, which may inform innovative control strategies. Additionally, these results suggest that small changes in soil properties can alter plant activity and hence the plant-associated microbial community, which has important implications for a broad array of agricultural and horticultural plant pathosystems.
机译：由真菌病原体Clarireedia SPP引起的美元斑点，是全球气候气候中的经济上重要的叶状症。这种疾病通常以高度可变的方式发生，即使在局部规模，具有相对均匀的环境条件。本研究的目的是调查局部变异背后的机制，重点是土壤和根际微生物组的贡献。从256-m〜（2）个健康的Turefgrass面积内收集Turfgrass，根际和散装土壤样品，运输到受控环境室，并用Clarireedia jacksonii接种。通过靶向16S rRNA基因来分析细菌群落，并评估16种不同的土壤化学性质。尽管它们初始均匀外观，但在受控环境室接种后，样品分化为高易感和中度易感组。高易感样品患有独特的根际微生物组织，具有略微降低推定的抗生素的细菌分类群和较高预测与异种生物降解途径相关的预测丰富基因。此外，逐步回归显示，散装土壤铁含量是巨大的土壤特性，在峰疾病发展阶段期间随着美元点敏感性降低而正面回归。这些发现表明，土铁的局部变化诱导工厂为特定的根际微生物组进行改变疾病结果。更广泛地，该领域的进一步研究可能指示土壤性质的策划量规模变异程度如何通过根际微生物的改变来驱动可变植物病变。分析美元斑是施用Turefgrass最经济上的重要疾病，旨在瞄准诱使的杀菌剂比任何其他草坪病疾病的斑点。美元斑点症状小（3至5？cm），圆形贴片，即使在象征均匀的条件下，在绘制规模中以高度可变的方式开发。这种变量发展背后的机制是未知的。该研究观察到，256-m〜（2）个区域的美元点发育的差异与散装土壤铁浓度的差异相关，并与特定的根际微生物组相关。这些调查结果为未来的研究提供了有趣的途径，以进一步表征美元现货高度可变发展的机制，这可能会提供创新的控制策略。此外，这些结果表明土壤性质的小变化可以改变植物活性，从而改变植物相关的微生物群落，这对广泛的农业和园艺植物病理系统具有重要意义。

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