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首页> 外文期刊>American journal of public health >Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review
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Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review

机译：法律扩大民用权利对暴力与犯罪的自卫致命力量的影响：系统审查

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Background. Since 2005, most US states have expanded civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense outside the home. In most cases, legislation has included removing the duty to retreat anywhere one may legally be, commonly known as stand-your-ground laws. The extent to which these laws affect public health and safety is widely debated in public and policy discourse. Objectives. To synthesize the available evidence on the impacts and social inequities associated with changing civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense on violence, injury, crime, and firearm-related outcomes. Search Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, Education Resources Information Center, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, National Bureau of Economic Research working papers, and SocArXiv; harvested references of included studies; and consulted with experts to identify studies until April 2020. Selection Criteria. Eligible studies quantitatively estimated the association between laws that expanded or restricted the right to use deadly force in self-defense and population or subgroup outcomes among civilians with a comparator. Data Collection and Analysis. Two reviewers extracted study data using a common form. We assessed study quality using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tools adapted for (controlled) before–after studies. To account for data dependencies, we conducted graphical syntheses (forest plots and harvest plots) to summarize the evidence on impacts and inequities associated with changing self-defense laws. Main Results. We identified 25 studies that estimated population-level impacts of laws expanding civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense, all of which focused on stand-your-ground or other expansions to self-defense laws in the United States. Studies were scored as having serious or critical risk of bias attributable to confounding. Risk of bias was low across most other domains (i.e., selection, missing data, outcome, and reporting biases). Stand-your-ground laws were associated with no change to small increases in violent crime (total and firearm homicide, aggravated assault, robbery) on average across states. Florida-based studies showed robust increases (24% to 45%) in firearm and total homicide while self-defense claims under stand-your-ground law were more often denied when victims were White, especially when claimants were racial minorities. Author’s Conclusions. The existing evidence contradicts claims that expanding self-defense laws deters violent crime across the United States. In at least some contexts, including Florida, stand-your-ground laws are associated with increases in violence, and there are racial inequities in the application of these laws. Public Health Implications. In some US states, most notably Florida, stand-your-ground laws may have harmed public health and safety and exacerbated social inequities. Our findings highlight the need for scientific evidence on both population and equity impacts of self-defense laws to guide legislative action that promotes public health and safety for all. Trial Registration. Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/uz68e ).
机译：背景。自2005年以来，大多数美国各国都扩大了民用的权利，以利用家庭外自卫的致命力量。在大多数情况下，立法包括在法律上的任何地方撤退撤退的义务，通常称为备用法律。这些法律影响公共卫生和安全的程度在公共和政策话语中被广泛辩论。目标。综合与改变民用权利相关的影响和社会不公平的可用证据，以利用自卫，伤害，犯罪和枪支相关成果的自卫致命力量。搜索方法。我们搜索了Medline，Embase，Psycinfo，Scopus，科学网，社会学摘要，国家刑事司法参考服务摘要，教育资源信息中心，社会科学国际教学书，Proquest论文和论文，谷歌学者，国家经济研究局工作论文和Socarxiv;收获的包括研究参考;并与专家咨询以识别研究到2020年4月。选择标准。符合条件的研究量数地估计了扩大或限制在使用比较者中使用致命武力或亚组成果的法律之间的协会。数据收集和分析。两位审阅者使用常用形式提取研究数据。我们评估了使用在研究前后的干预工具的非沉积研究中的偏差风险评估了研究质量。为了考虑数据依赖性，我们进行了图形合成（森林图和收获地块），总结了与改变自卫法相关的影响和不公平的证据。主要结果。我们确定了25项研究，估计法律的人口水平影响扩大民间权利​​利用自卫中的致命部队，所有这些都集中在美国的立场或其他扩张。研究得分具有严重或危重的偏见令人信服的危险风险。大多数其他域中的偏差风险（即，选择，缺少数据，结果和报告偏见）。立式法律与州平均水平的暴力犯罪（总和枪支杀人，加重袭击，抢劫）的小幅增加无关。基于佛罗里达州的研究表明，枪支中的强劲增长（24％至45％），而且当受害者是白色的，待命的自卫理由在受害者是白色的，特别是当索赔人是种族少数群体时，更常被否认。作者的结论。现有证据矛盾声称扩大自卫法令在美国的暴力犯罪。在至少一些背景下，包括佛罗里达州，地面法律与暴力的增加有关，并且在这些法律中存在种族不公平。公共卫生影响。在一些美国各国，最符合佛罗里达州的佛罗里达州的立法法可能会伤害公共卫生和安全和加剧的社会不公平。我们的研究结果强调了对自卫法人口和股权影响的科学证据，以指导促进公共卫生和安全的立法行动。试验登记。开放科学框架（https://osf.io/uz68e）。

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