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Bioactuators based on stimulus-responsive hydrogels and their emerging biomedical applications

机译：基于刺激响应水凝胶及其新兴生物医学应用的生物术

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The increasingly intimate bond connecting soft actuation devices and emerging biomedical applications is triggering the development of novel materials with superb biocompatibility and a sensitive actuation capability that can reliably function as bio-use-oriented actuators in a human-friendly manner.Stimulus-responsive hydrogels are biocompatible with human tissues/organs, have sufficient water content, are similar to extracellular matrices in structure and chemophysical properties, and are responsive to external environmental stimuli, and these materials have recently attracted massive research interest for fabricating bioactuators.The great potential of employing such hydrogels that respond to various stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light, electricity, and magnetic fields) for actuation purposes has been revealed by their performances in real-time biosensing systems, targeted drug delivery, artificial muscle reconstruction, and cell microenvironment engineering.In this review, the material selection of hydrogels with multiple stimulus-responsive mechanisms for actuator fabrication is first introduced, followed by a detailed introduction to and discussion of the most recent progress in emerging biomedical applications of hydrogel-based bioactuators.Final conclusions, existing challenges, and upcoming development prospects are noted in light of the status quo of bioactuators based on stimulus-responsive hydrogels.Soft materials that change their shape in response to an external stimulus can be used for biomedical applications.Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks of polymers.This structure means they can swell in response to electricity, to magnetic fields or a change in pH, temperature or light.A team led by XiuJun Li from the University of Texas at El Paso, USA, and Feng Xu from Xi'an Jiaotong University, China, have reviewed the development of a number of hydrogels that exhibit several different mechanisms for stimulus response.This work provides guidelines for those researchers aiming to harness these biocompatible materials for biosensing, targeted drug delivery, artificial muscle reconstruction and the engineering of the cellular microenvironment.The authors assess the prospects of these applications and the challenges faced before they can reach their full potential.Stimulus-responsive hydrogels, with biocompatibility, sufficient water content, similarity to extracellular matrices, and responses to specific environmental stimuli, have recently received massive research interest for fabricating bioactuators.The potential of employing these hydrogels that respond to various stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light, electricity, and magnetic fields) for actuation purposes has been uncovered by their performances in biosensing, drug delivery, artificial muscle reconstruction, and cell microenvironment engineering.In this review, a material selection of stimulus-responsive hydrogels and a detailed discussion of recent advances in emerging biomedical applications of hydrogel-based bioactuators are proposed.Existing challenges and future prospects are noted as well.
机译：连接软致动装置和新兴生物医学应用的越来越紧密的粘合是触发具有精湛生物相容性的新型材料的开发和敏感的致动能力，可以以人友好的方式可靠地用作生物使用导向的致动器。敏感的水凝胶是与人体组织/器官的生物相容具有足够的水含量，与结构和化学物理学性质的细胞外基质类似，并且对外部环境刺激响应，这些材料最近吸引了制造生物术语的大规模研究兴趣。采用这种材料的巨大潜力通过其在实时生物传感系统，靶向药物递送，人工肌肉重建和细胞微环境工程中，已经揭示了对致动目的响应用于致动目的的各种刺激（例如，pH，温度，光，电力和磁场）的水凝胶。在本次审查中，MA首先引入了具有多种刺激响应机构的水凝块的水凝块，然后进行了详细的介绍和讨论了水凝胶基生物医师的新兴生物医学应用中最新进展的详细介绍和讨论。最终，现有挑战和即将到来的发展前景鉴于基于刺激响应的水凝胶的生物辅助器的现状。响应于外部刺激而改变它们的形状的软件可用于生物医学应用。氢化胶是聚合物的三维网络。本结构意味着它们可以呼应响应电力，磁场或pH值的变化，温度或光。由德克萨斯大学埃尔帕索，美国和西安交通大学的德克萨斯大学领导的Xiujun Li的团队审查了开发许多水凝胶，其表现出几种不同的刺激反应机制。这项工作提供了指导原则旨在利用这些生物相容性，靶向药物递送，人工肌肉重建和细胞微环境工程的研究人员。作者评估了这些应用的前景，并在达到其全部潜力之前面临的挑战。响应具有生物相容性，足够的水含量，与细胞外基质的相似性以及对特定环境刺激的反应的水凝胶最近获得了制造生物蛋白的大规模研究兴趣。使用这些水凝胶的潜力响应各种刺激（例如，pH，温度，光用于致动目的的电力和磁场已经通过它们在生物传感，药物递送，人工肌肉重建和细胞微环境工程中揭示的致动目的。本综述，对刺激响应水凝胶的材料选择以及对最近进步的详细讨论在新兴生物群系中提出了基于水凝胶的生物术语的二维应用。还注意到了挑战和未来的前景。

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