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Temperature lapse rates at restricted thermodynamic equilibrium in the Earth system

机译：地球系统中有限的热力学平衡下的温度下降速率

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Equilibrium temperature profiles obtained by maximizing the entropy of a column of fluid with a given height and-volume under the influence of gravity are discussed by using numerical experiments. Calculations are made both for the case of an ideal gas and for a liquid with constant isobaric heat capacity, constant compressibility and constant thermal expansion coefficient representing idealized conditions corresponding to atmosphere and ocean. Calculations confirm the classical equilibrium condition by Gibbs that an isothermal temperature profile gives a maximum in entropy constrained by a constant mass and a constant sum of internal and potential energy. However, it was also found that an isentropic profile gives a maximum in entropy constrained by a constant mass and a constant internal energy of the fluid column. On the basis of this result a hypothesis is suggested that the adiabatic lapse rate represents a restricted or transitory and metastable equilibrium state, which has a maximum in entropy with lower value than the maximum in the state with an isothermal lapse rate. This transitory equilibrium state is maintained by passive forces, preventing or slowing down the transition of the system to the final or ultimate equilibrium state. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机译：通过数值实验，讨论了在重力作用下，通过最大化给定高度和体积的流体柱的熵而获得的平衡温度曲线。对于理想气体和具有恒定等压热容，恒定可压缩性和恒定热膨胀系数的液体（代表与大气和海洋相对应的理想条件）进行了计算。吉布斯的计算证实了经典的平衡条件，即等温温度曲线给出了熵的最大值，该熵受恒定质量以及恒定的内部和势能之和约束。然而，还发现等熵分布图给出了最大熵值，该熵值受流体柱的恒定质量和恒定内部能的约束。基于此结果，提出了一个假设，即绝热流失率表示受限制或短暂且亚稳态的平衡状态，其熵值最大值小于等温流失率状态的最大值。该瞬态平衡状态由被动力保持，从而防止或减缓了系统向最终或最终平衡状态的过渡。 （C）2014 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

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