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Cooperative choice and its framing effect under threshold uncertainty in a provision point mechanism

机译：供应点机制下阈值不确定性下的合作选择及其成帧效应

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This paper explores how threshold uncertainty affects cooperative behaviors in the provision of public goods and the prevention of public bads. The following facts motivate our study. First, environmental (resource) problems are either framed as public bads prevention or public goods provision. Second, the occurrence of these problems is characterized by thresholds that are interchangeably represented as "nonconvexity," "bifurcation," "bi-stability," or "catastrophes." Third, the threshold location is mostly unknown. We employ a provision point mechanism with threshold uncertainty and analyze the responses of cooperative behaviors to uncertainty and to the framing for each type of social preferences categorized by a value orientation test. We find that aggregate framing effects are negligible, although the response to the frame is the opposite depending on the type of social preferences. "Cooperative" subjects become more cooperative in negative frames than in positive frames, whereas "individualistic" subjects are less cooperative in negative frames than in positive ones. This finding implies that the insignificance of aggregate framing effects arises from behavioral asymmetry. We also find that the percentage of cooperative choices non-monotonically varies with the degree of threshold uncertainty, irrespective of framing and value orientation. Specifically, the degree of cooperation is highest at intermediate levels of threshold uncertainty and decreases as the uncertainty becomes sufficiently large.
机译：本文探讨了阈值不确定性如何影响公共物品提供和预防公共弊端中的合作行为。以下事实推动了我们的研究。首先，环境（资源）问题要么被定义为防止公共有害物，要么被定义为提供公共物品。其次，这些问题的发生以阈值为特征，这些阈值可互换地表示为“非凸性”，“分叉”，“双稳定性”或“灾难”。第三，阈值位置几乎是未知的。我们采用具有阈值不确定性的供应点机制，并针对价值取向测试所分类的每种类型的社会偏好，分析了合作行为对不确定性和框架的响应。我们发现，虽然根据社会偏好的类型，对框架的反应是相反的，但总体构架的影响可以忽略不计。在消极框架中，“合作”主体比在积极框架中更加合作，而“个体”主体在消极框架中的合作比在积极框架中的合作少。这一发现暗示，总成帧效应的微不足道是由行为不对称引起的。我们还发现，合作选择的百分比随阈值不确定性的程度非单调变化，而与框架和价值取向无关。具体地，合作程度在阈值不确定性的中间水平上最高，并且随着不确定性变得足够大而降低。

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