THE last time that America almost risked a pre-emptive strike on North Korea the gamble offered a spectacular pay-off. Ashton Carter, a leading architect of that plan, recalls that his scheme for bombing the Yongbyon nuclear facility in 1994 assumed that in one or two days the entirety of the regime's nuclear programme could be levelled and entombed in rubble. Mr Carter, who went on to become defence secretary in the Obama administration, now thinks that an American first strike would only put "a significant dent" in North Korea's arsenal of nuclear devices and bombmaking sites. "The difference today is that the North Koreans are very good at hiding, burying and moving around their nuclear infrastructure," says Mr Carter, now at Harvard University.
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