The predictions sounded like promises: in the future, working hours would be short and vacations long. "Our grandchildren", reckoned John Maynard Keynes in 1930, would work around "three hours a day"-and probably only by choice. Economic progress and technological advances had already shrunk working hours considerably by his day, and there was no reason to believe this trend would not continue. Whizzy cars and ever more time-saving tools and appliances guaranteed more speed and less drudgery in all parts of life. Social psychologists began to fret: whatever would people do with all their free time?
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