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Grand schemes

机译：宏伟计划

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IF YOU want to hand over a few millions for a criminal purpose, you must conceal what you are doing. Time was when an anonymous bank account was ideal. Except that these are all but extinct. The new way is to get someone to set up or buy a firm or trust (or better still a web of them) on your behalf. A new report by the World Bank called "The Puppet Masters" has investigated some 150 cases of what it calls "grand corruption", with a total of $50 billion in illicit assets. Nearly all involved use of companies in which the real ownership was concealed, and of bank accounts, often in respectable countries (see chart). The United States is "by far the worst performer" of the countries reviewed. As a test, one of the authors set up a firm in Nevada with a nominee director based in Panama, complete with an American bank ac- count. All he needed was an unnotarised copy of a driving licence (which showed an out-of-date address) and $3,695. The report recommends tightening the definition of "beneficial ownership" to focus on the control exercised over a company and the benefit derived; the end point should always be a human being, not another legal entity. Banks and companies providing registration services should widen their due diligence to include this. Nominee directors should disclose whom they report to. Complex structures with more than three layers of ownership should arouse especial scrutiny and have to explain themselves. Other recommendations are that company registries should be searchable online and operators should make an effort to verify the information supplied. Such ideas might seem uncontro-versial, but they are not. Implementing them would overturn decades of financial and legal precedent, in which anonymity, deliberately created across multiple jurisdictions, has been used and abused by those whose activities can flourish only in the shadow.
机译：如果您想出于犯罪目的移交数百万美元，则必须隐瞒自己在做什么。那时是匿名银行帐户的理想之选。除了这些几乎灭绝。新方法是让某人代表您成立或购买公司或信托（最好还是他们的网）。世界银行的一份新报告叫做“ Master大师”，调查了​​大约150起所谓的“大腐败”案件，共计500亿美元的非法资产。几乎所有涉及隐瞒真实所有权的公司和银行账户的使用，通常都在受人尊敬的国家/地区使用（参见图表）。在所审查的国家中，美国是“迄今为止表现最差的国家”。作为测试，其中一位作者在内华达州成立了一家公司，并任命一位设在巴拿马的提名董事，并附有美国银行账户。他所需要的只是一份未经公证的驾驶执照副本（显示过期的地址）和3695美元。报告建议收紧“受益所有权”的定义，以集中于对公司行使的控制权和所产生的利益；终点应该永远是一个人，而不是另一个法人。提供注册服务的银行和公司应扩大其尽职调查的范围。提名董事应披露他们向谁报告。具有三层以上所有权的复杂结构应该引起特别的审查，并且必须自我解释。其他建议是，应在网上搜索公司注册表，并且运营商应努力验证所提供的信息。这些想法似乎没有争议，但事实并非如此。实施这些协议将推翻数十年来的财务和法律先例，其中在多个司法管辖区故意创建的匿名性已被那些活动只能在阴影下蓬勃发展的人们使用和滥用。

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    《The economist》 |2011年第8757期|p.61|共1页
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