Who rates the raters?

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Who rates the raters?

机译：谁给评分者评分？

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Starting in 1909, a dense book from John Moody would thud on to subscribers' desks in America, following days or even weeks in the post. The annual railroad-bond ratings were out. America's fledgling debt markets moved accordingly. Moody's business still thrives almost a century later. Credit ratings-assessments of the likelihood that an issuer will default on the interest or principal due on its bonds-now shoot through the market at internet speed and cover bond issues of all kinds. Whether a company has the highest possible AAA rating or a BBB- plays an important part in determining the rate at which it can borrow. In America only a bold or foolish company, municipality, state or even school district would try to issue debt without first getting a rating from Moody's, Standard & Poor's (S&P), its chief rival, or Fitch, a French-owned upstart that has become the world's third-biggest rating agency (see chart on next page).

机译：从1909年开始，约翰·穆迪（John Moody）所写的一本厚实的书，在刊登后的几天甚至几周后，便传遍了美国的订户办公桌。年度铁路债券评级已经公布。美国刚刚起步的债务市场也相应地发生了变化。差不多一个世纪后，穆迪的生意仍蒸蒸日上。信用评级-评估发行人将不履行其债券到期的利息或本金的可能性-现在以互联网速度在整个市场范围内进行评估，并涵盖各种债券发行。公司在确定可借贷利率时，是否具有最高的AAA评级或BBB-至关重要。在美国，只有大胆或愚蠢的公司，市政，州甚至学区才会尝试发行债务，而无需先获得穆迪，标准普尔（S＆P），其主要竞争对手或法国新贵Fitch的评级。成为世界第三大评级机构（请参见下页图表）。

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《The economist》 |2005年第8419期|p.91-93|共3页
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中图分类经济;各科经济学;
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3. Rates of entry and oxidation of acetate, glucose, d(-)-β-hydroxybutyrate, palmitate, oleate and stearate, and rates of production and oxidation of propionate and butyrate in fed and starved sheep [J] . CE West, DB Lindsay, EF Annison, The biochemical journal . 1967,第1期

机译：进食和饥饿绵羊的乙酸盐，葡萄糖，d（-）-β-羟基丁酸酯，棕榈酸酯，油酸酯和硬脂酸酯的进入和氧化速率，以及丙酸酯和丁酸酯的产生和氧化速率
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7. Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Transition Economies: The Case of the Republic of Macedonia Abstract: This paper investigates the relative costs and benefits associated with introducing a different exchange rate regime in the Republic of Macedonia. In this finding, all econometrics results, using different methodologies (SVAR and VECM), show that introducing a different strategy of the exchange rate targeting in order to promote rapid economic growth could easy disturb macroeconomic stability (after having achieved it at a substantial cost) without any significant economic benefits. In the long term, the coefficient of exchange rate reveals that a one percent change in the exchange rate will generate an increase in the prices level of 0.52 percent, indicating that 52 percent of changes in the exchange rate feed into the prices level. The investigation suggests that introducing a different strategy of the exchange rate regime is likely to incur more costs than benefits. [O] . Besnik Fetai 100

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Who rates the raters?

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