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首页> 外文期刊>Education Economics >The relative effectiveness of government and private schools in Pakistan: are girls worse off?
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The relative effectiveness of government and private schools in Pakistan: are girls worse off?

机译：巴基斯坦官立和私立学校的相对效力：女孩的状况更糟吗？

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Recent evidence from Pakistan points to significant pro-male bias within households in the allocation of education expenditures. This raises two important questions. Is less spent on enrolled girls than boys through differential school-type choice for the two sexes; for example, through a greater likelihood of sending boys to fee-charging private schools? And, if indeed this is the case, are girls thereby condemned to lower quality schooling, on average, than boys? By asking these questions, this paper makes three contributions to the literature. Firstly, this is one of a very few studies in Pakistan to explore the question of the relative effectiveness of public and private schools despite there being an unprecedented expansion of fee-charging private schools in the past two decades. Secondly, unlike existing papers that focus on primary schooling, this study looks at potential learning gaps by school type for students in their last year of middle school (Grade Eight), very near their transition to secondary schooling. Thirdly, it exploits unique, purposively-collected data from government and private school students, and thus, in estimating achievement production functions, is able to control for a number of variables typically 'unobserved' by researchers. The findings reveal that boys are indeed more likely to be sent to private schools than girls within the household, so that differential school-type choice is an important channel of differential treatment against girls. Private schools are also found to be of better quality - they are more effective than government schools in imparting mathematics and literacy skills. Girls lose out vis--vis boys in terms not only of lower within-household educational expenditures, but also in terms of the quality of schooling accessed.
机译：巴基斯坦的最新证据表明，家庭在教育支出分配上存在明显的男性偏见。这就提出了两个重要的问题。通过男女不同的学校类型选择，在入学女孩上的花费比男孩少；例如，是否更有可能将男孩送往收费的私立学校？而且，如果确实是这种情况，那么女孩是否因此受到谴责，平均而言，其教育质量低于男孩？通过提出这些问题，本文对文献做出了三点贡献。首先，这是巴基斯坦为数不多的探索公立和私立学校相对有效性问题的研究之一，尽管在过去的二十年中，收费的私立学校空前扩大。其次，与现有的专注于小学教育的论文不同，本研究着眼于初中（八年级）学生的潜在学习差距（按学校类型），这接近他们过渡到中学教育的程度。第三，它利用了来自政府和私立学校学生的独特的，有目的的收集数据，因此，在估计成就产生功能时，它能够控制研究人员通常“看不到”的许多变量。调查结果表明，与家庭中的女孩相比，男孩送往私立学校的确确实更有可能，因此，不同的学校类型选择是对女孩进行区别对待的重要渠道。还发现私立学校的质量更高-在传授数学和识字技能方面，它们比公立学校更有效。从家庭内部较低的教育支出以及获得的教育质量来看，女孩比男孩都要输。

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