Semiconductor chips and system-on-chip (SoC) devices implemented in application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are the backbone of modern life. Today's Internet-of-Things (IoT), smartphones, communications equipment and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and tomorrows connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs), smart power-generation plants and various infrastructures all require complex electronic systems. Processor cores are often integrated into these chips to perform essential control and data-processing functions. Processors provide flexibility and programmability through their instruction set architecture (ISA), which defines the interface between hardware and software.
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