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Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy: A review

机译：生命周期能源与核能温室气体排放：综述

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摘要

The increased urgency of dealing with mitigation of the looming climate change has sparked renewed interest in the nuclear energy option. There exists a substantial stream of research on the amount of embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions associated with nuclear generated electricity. While conventional fossil fuelled power plants cause emissions almost exclusively from the plant site, the majority of greenhouse gas emissions in the nuclear fuel cycle are caused in processing stages upstream and downstream from the plant. This paper distils the findings from a comprehensive literature review of energy and greenhouse gas emissions in the nuclear fuel cycle and determines some of the causes for the widely varying results. The most popular reactor types, LWR and HWR, need between 0.1 and 0.3 kWh_(th), and on average about 0.2 kWh_(th) for every kWh of electricity generated. These energy intensities translate into greenhouse gas intensities for LWR and HWR of between 10 and 130 g CO_2-e/kWh_(el), with an average of 65 g CO_2-e/kWh_(el). While these greenhouse gases are expectedly lower than those of fossil technologies (typically 600-1200 g CO2-e/kWh_(el)), they are higher than reported figures for wind turbines and hydroelectricity (around 15-25 g CO_2-e/kWh_(el) and in the order of, or slightly lower than, solar photovoltaic or solar thermal power (around 90 g CO_2-e/kWh_(el)).
机译：缓解日益迫在眉睫的气候变化的紧迫性引起了人们对核能选择的新兴趣。关于与核发电有关的具体体现的能量和温室气体排放量，已有大量研究。传统的化石燃料发电厂几乎完全是从工厂现场排放的，而核燃料循环中的大多数温室气体排放却是在工厂上游和下游的处理阶段造成的。本文从对核燃料循环中的能源和温室气体排放的综合文献综述中发现了这些发现，并确定了导致结果差异很大的一些原因。最流行的反应堆类型，轻水堆和重水堆，需要0.1至0.3 kWh_th，平均每发电1 kWh大约需要0.2 kWh_th。这些能量强度转化为LWR和HWR的温室气体强度介于10到130 g CO_2-e / kWh_（el）之间，平均为65 g CO_2-e / kWh_（el）。虽然这些温室气体预计比化石技术要低（通常为600-1200 g CO2-e / kWh_（el）），但比风力发电机和水力发电的报告数据要高（约15-25 g CO_2-e / kWh_ （el），且约为或低于太阳能光伏或太阳能热能（约90 g CO_2-e / kWh_（el））。

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