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How accounting for climate and health impacts of emissions could change the US energy system

机译：核算排放物对气候和健康的影响如何改变美国的能源系统

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This study aims to determine how incorporating damages into energy costs would impact the US energy system. Damages from health impacting pollutants (NOx, SO2, particulate matter - PM, and volatile organic compounds - VOCs) as well as greenhouse gases (GHGs) are accounted for by applying emissions fees equal to estimated external damages associated with life-cycle emissions. We determine that in a least-cost framework, fees reduce emissions, including those not targeted by the fees. Emissions reductions are achieved through the use of control technologies, energy efficiency, and shifting of fuels and technologies used in energy conversion. The emissions targeted by fees decrease, and larger fees lead to larger reductions. Compared to the base case with no fees, in 2045, SO2 emissions are reduced up to 70%, NOx emissions up to 30%, PM2.5 up to 45%, and CO2 by as much as 36%. Emissions of some pollutants, particularly VOCs and methane, sometimes increase when fees are applied. The co-benefit of reduction in non-targeted pollutants is not always larger for larger fees. The degree of co-reduced emissions depends on treatment of life-cycle emissions and the technology pathway used to achieve emissions reductions, including the mix of efficiency, fuel switching, and emissions control technologies.
机译：这项研究旨在确定将损害纳入能源成本将如何影响美国能源系统。对健康产生影响的污染物（NOx，SO2，颗粒物-PM和挥发性有机化合物-VOCs）以及温室气体（GHGs）所造成的损害，应通过采用等于与生命周期排放相关的估计外部损害的排放费来解决。我们确定，在最低成本的框架内，费用会减少排放，包括那些未针对费用的排放。通过使用控制技术，能源效率以及燃料转换和能源转换中使用的技术，可以实现减排。收费目标的排放量减少了，而较大的收费会导致更大的减少量。与不收取费用的基本情况相比，到2045年，SO2排放量减少多达70％，NOx排放减少多达30％，PM2.5减少多达45％，CO2减少多达36％。当收取费用时，某些污染物（尤其是VOC和甲烷）的排放有时会增加。对于较大的费用，减少非目标污染物的协同效益并不总是很大。共减少排放量的程度取决于生命周期排放的处理方式以及用于实现减排的技术途径，包括效率，燃料转换和排放控制技术的混合。

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