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Energy costs in Germany and Europe: An assessment based on a (total real unit) energy cost accounting framework

机译：德国和欧洲的能源成本：基于（总实际单位）能源成本核算框架的评估

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摘要

Affordable energy is one of the objectives of the EU's energy policy. This goal has been challenged by many factors influencing energy prices and costs such as developments in global energy markets, the EU ETS, and the promotion of renewables. Analysing energy costs (prices times quantity) instead of prices has the advantage of accounting for quantity adjustments. However, it does not allow for monitoring the burden that energy costs pose on firms. For this purpose, both the European Commission and the Energy Expert Commission of the German Government recommend using real unit energy costs, defined as energy costs as a fraction of value added. We develop an input-output based (real unit) energy cost accounting framework and study the trends in Germany and the EU between 1995 and 2011. We find that many of the discovered developments are not adequately represented in the political debate, especially with regard to indirect costs (via energy embodied in intermediate inputs), which are more difficult to assess. Indirect energy costs are on the rise, are larger than direct costs in many industries, are increasingly imported, and amplify the asymmetric impacts of legal exceptions available to energy-intensive industries.
机译：负担得起的能源是欧盟能源政策的目标之一。这一目标受到许多影响能源价格和成本的因素的挑战，例如全球能源市场的发展，欧盟排放交易体系和可再生能源的推广。分析能源成本（价格乘以数量）而不是价格，具有计算数量调整的优势。但是，它不允许监视能源成本给企业带来的负担。为此，欧洲委员会和德国政府的能源专家委员会均建议使用实际单位能源成本，即定义为能源成本占增加值的一部分的实际单位能源成本。我们开发了一种基于投入产出的（实际单位）能源成本会计框架，并研究了1995年至2011年德国和欧盟之间的趋势。我们发现，许多发现的事态发展在政治辩论中并未得到充分体现，尤其是在间接成本（通过包含在中间投入中的能源），这更难以评估。间接能源成本正在上升，在许多行业中都比直接成本高，越来越多地进口，并且加剧了能源密集型行业可用的法律例外的不对称影响。

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