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Trade openness and environmental quality: International evidence

机译：贸易开放与环境质量：国际证据

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We examine the relationship between trade openness and the environment in a cross-country panel, using the emission of particulate matter (PM10) as the basic indicator of environmental quality. The panel cointegration test results show a long-run relationship between particulate matter emissions, trade openness, and economic growth. We find that increased trade openness leads to environmental degradation for the global sample. However, the results differ according to the income of countries. Trade openness has a benign effect on the environment in high-income countries, but a harmful effect in middle- and low-income countries. These results are generally robust to different measures of trade openness and environmental quality. Interestingly and significantly, the results are consistent with the popular notion that rich countries dump their pollution on poor countries. Finally, we find evidence of a feedback effect between trade openness and particulate matter emissions for the global sample as well as different income groups of countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：我们使用颗粒物（PM10）的排放作为环境质量的基本指标，在一个跨国小组中研究贸易开放度与环境之间的关系。面板协整测试结果表明，颗粒物排放，贸易开放度和经济增长之间存在长期关系。我们发现，贸易开放度的提高导致全球样本的环境恶化。但是，结果因国家/地区的收入而异。贸易开放对高收入国家的环境产生良性影响，但对中低收入国家的环境则有害。这些结果通常对贸易开放度和环境质量的不同衡量标准是可靠的。有趣且有意义的是，结果与流行的观点一致，即富裕国家将污染倾销给贫穷国家。最后，我们发现证据表明，全球样本以及不同国家的收入水平之间的贸易开放度和颗粒物排放之间存在反馈效应。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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