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Innovation diffusion, public policy, and local initiative: The case of wood-fuelled district heating systems in Austria

机译：创新传播，公共政策和地方倡议：奥地利以木材为燃料的区域供热系统的案例

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This paper comprises a three-level study on wood fuel utilisation for district heating in Austria. First, we discuss the framework conditions for the diffusion in Austria of rural biomass district heating (BDH) plants, an energy conversion plant type which constituted a real innovation in the 1980s. Second, we describe the diffusion of BDH systems in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg, where a variety of biomass energy systems have been promoted by capital grants since 1993, as part of a dedicated bioenergy promotion programme. Third, the paper contains a case study of a 2 MW BDH plant put into operation in 2000 in Rankweil, a small market town located in Vorarlberg on the east side of the Rhine Valley. Analysis of the plant history reveals that an oversupply of forest residues, caused by devastating storms and forest diseases, together with the more general need to rejuvenate severely over-aged forest stands, created strong incentives to form local actor networks and initiatives to push for the adoption and diffusion of centralised biomass heating systems in rural areas. In addition, intensive lobbying and strong political and public support were necessary to successfully combat interventions by both the natural gas industry and influential gas-supplied industrial enterprises. Finally, a capital grant of 45% of eligible investment costs as well as careful capacity expansion and other planning significantly improved and safeguarded the economic viability of the plant. These considerations, combined with a dedicated forest-restructuring programme, render the plant one of the most successful integrated forestry and BDH projects in Vorarlberg, and an important model for later adopters. Overall, the analysis sheds some light on the role of public policy, local actors, and economic and other framework conditions on the market diffusion dynamics of BDH in Austria.
机译：本文对奥地利用于区域供热的木质燃料利用进行了三级研究。首先，我们讨论了农村生物质集中供热（BDH）厂在奥地利扩散的框架条件，BDH是一种能源转化厂类型，在1980年代构成了真正的创新。其次，我们描述了BDH系统在奥地利福拉尔贝格州的扩散情况，该地区自1993年以来已通过资本赠款促进了各种生物质能源系统的发展，作为专门的生物能源促进计划的一部分。第三，本文包含了一个案例研究，该案例是一家位于莱茵河谷东侧的福拉尔贝格小镇兰克韦尔（Rankweil）2000年投入运营的2兆瓦BDH厂的案例。对植物历史的分析表明，由毁灭性暴风雨和森林疾病引起的森林残留供过于求，以及更普遍地需要恢复严重过度老化的林分，这产生了强烈的动机来形成地方行动者网络和倡议，以促进农村地区采用集中式生物质供热系统。此外，要成功地打击天然气行业和有影响力的天然气供应工业企业的干预措施，就必须进行强烈的游说以及强有力的政治和公众支持。最后，获得符合条件的投资成本的45％的资本补助，以及精心的产能扩张和其他计划，显着改善并保障了该厂的经济生存能力。这些考虑因素与专门的森林重组计划相结合，使该工厂成为福拉尔贝格州最成功的林业和BDH一体化项目之一，并且是后来采用者的重要模式。总体而言，该分析为奥地利BDH的市场扩散动态中的公共政策，地方参与者以及经济和其他框架条件的作用提供了一些启示。

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