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Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: the need to disaggregate human well-being

机译：将生态系统服务概念应用于减轻贫困：需要分解人类福祉

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The concept of ecosystem services (ES), the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, is increasingly applied to environmental conservation, human well-being and poverty alleviation, and to inform the development of interventions. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) implicitly recognize the unequal distribution of the costs and benefits of maintaining ES, through monetary compensation from 'winners' to 'losers'. Some research into PES has examined how such schemes affect poverty, while other literature addresses trade-offs between different ES. However, much evolving ES literature adopts an aggregated perspective of humans and their well-being, which can disregard critical issues for poverty alleviation. This paper identifies four issues with examples from coastal ES in developing countries. First, different groups derive well-being benefits from different ES, creating winners and losers as ES, change. Second, dynamic mechanisms of access determine who can benefit. Third, individuals' contexts and needs determine how ES contribute to well-being. Fourth, aggregated analyses may neglect crucial poverty alleviation mechanisms such as cash-based livelihoods. To inform the development of ES interventions that contribute to poverty alleviation, disaggregated analysis is needed that focuses on who derives which benefits from ecosystems, and how such benefits contribute to the well-being of the poor. These issues present challenges in data availability and selection of how and at which scales to disaggregate. Disaggregation can be applied spatially, but should also include social groupings, such as gender, age and ethnicity, and is most important where inequality is greatest. Existing tools, such as stakeholder analysis and equity weights, can improve the relevance of ES research to poverty alleviation.
机译：生态系统服务（ES）的概念，即人类从生态系统中获得的利益，已越来越多地应用于环境保护，人类福祉和减轻贫困，并为干预措施的发展提供信息。通过从“胜利者”到“失败者”的货币补偿，生态系统服务付款（PES）隐含地承认维护生态系统服务的成本和收益的分配不均。对PES进行的一些研究已经检验了此类计划如何影响贫困，而其他文献则探讨了不同ES之间的权衡。但是，不断发展的ES文学采用了关于人类及其福祉的综合观点，可以忽略扶贫的关键问题。本文以发展中国家沿海ES的例子为例，确定了四个问题。首先，不同的群体从不同的ES中获得幸福感，随着ES的变化而产生赢家和输家。其次，动态的访问机制决定了谁可以受益。第三，个人的背景和需求决定了ES如何为幸福做出贡献。第四，综合分析可能会忽略关键的扶贫机制，例如现金生计。为了为发展有助于减贫的环境与社会干预措施提供信息，需要进行分类分析，重点是谁从生态系统中获得哪些收益，以及这些收益如何有助于穷人的福祉。这些问题在数据可用性以及如何以及以何种规模进行分解的选择方面提出了挑战。分解可以在空间上应用，但也应包括社会群体，例如性别，年龄和种族，并且在不平等最大的地方最重要。现有的工具（例如，利益相关者分析和股权比重）可以改善ES研究与扶贫的相关性。

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