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Cost-effectiveness targeting under multiple conservation goals and equity considerations in the Andes

机译：在安第斯山脉的多个保护目标和公平考虑下的成本效益目标

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Internationally, there is political impetus towards providing incentive mechanisms, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES), that motivate land users to conserve that which benefits wider society by creating an exchange value for conservation services. PES may incorporate a number of conservation goals other than just maximizing the area under a certain land use, so as to optimize multiple benefits from environmental conservation. Environmental additionality (conservation services generated relative to no intervention) and social equity aspects (here an equitable distribution of conservation funds) of PES depend on the conservation goals underlying the cost-effective targeting of conservation payments, which remains to be adequately explored in the PES literature. This paper attempts to evaluate whether multiple conservation goals can be optimized, in addition to social equity, when paying for the on-farm conservation of neglected crop varieties (landraces), so as to generate agrobiodiversity conservation services. Case studies based on a conservation auction in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes (through which community-based groups identified the conservation area and the number of farmers taking part in conservation, as well as the payment required), identified significant cost-effectiveness tradeoffs between alternative agrobiodiversity conservation goals. There appears to be a non-complementary relationship between maximizing conservation area under specific landraces (a proxy for genetic diversity maintenance) and the number of farmers conserving such landraces (a proxy for agricultural knowledge and cultural traditions maintenance). Neither of the two are closely connected with maximizing the number of targeted farming communities (a proxy for informal seed exchange networks and hence geneflow maintenance). Optimizing cost-effectiveness with regard to conservation area or number of farmers would also be associated with a highly unequal distribution of payments. Multi-criteria targeting approaches can reach compromise solutions, but frameworks for these are still to be established and scientifically informed about the underlying link between alternative conservation goals and conservation service provision.
机译：在国际上，存在着提供激励机制的政治动力，例如生态系统服务付款（PES），该机制可以激励土地使用者保护土地，并通过创造保护服务的交换价值来使整个社会受益。 PES可能包含许多保护目标，而不仅仅是在某种土地用途下最大化面积，以优化环境保护的多重效益。 PES的环境额外性（相对于没有干预而产生的养护服务）和社会公平方面（这里是养护资金的公平分配）取决于以成本效益为目标的养护付款所基于的养护目标，在PES中仍有待充分探讨文献。本文试图评估在为被忽视的农作物品种（地方品种）提供农场保护时，除了社会公平之外，是否还可以优化多个保护目标，从而产生农业生物多样性保护服务。基于玻利维亚和秘鲁安第斯山脉的一次保护拍卖的案例研究（通过社区拍卖确定了保护区，参加保护的农民人数以及所需的付款），确定了备选方案之间的重大成本效益权衡农业生物多样性保护目标。在特定地方品种（保护遗传多样性的代表）下最大化保护区与保护这些地方品种（保护农业知识和文化传统的代表）的农民人数之间似乎存在非互补关系。两者都不与最大化目标农业社区的数量紧密相关（这是非正式种子交换网络的代名词，因此也是维持基因流的手段）。在保护区或农民数量方面优化成本效益也将与支付分配高度不平等有关。以多标准为目标的方法可以达成折衷的解决方案，但是仍需建立这些框架的框架，并科学地告知替代性保护目标与保护服务提供之间的潜在联系。

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