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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental Conservation >Obstacles and options for the design and implementation of payment schemes for ecosystem services provided through farm trees in Saxony, Germany
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Obstacles and options for the design and implementation of payment schemes for ecosystem services provided through farm trees in Saxony, Germany

机译：设计和实施德国萨克森州通过农场树木提供的生态系统服务付款方案的障碍和选择

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Agricultural crops and pasturelands cover 24-38% of the global land area, and thus the ecological services that agricultural systems provide are of utmost societal importance. An important determinant of ecosystem services provision from European farmland is the amount and spatial arrangement of trees, shrubs and woodlands that are integrated into the respective land-use systems. This paper uses an institutional economics framework for the analysis of payment schemes for ecosystem services (PES schemes) that enhance the establishment, conservation and management of farm trees and woodlands, elaborating on the reasons for the often very reluctant participation of farmers in these schemes. PES schemes in Saxony (Germany) were selected as a typical example. Obstacles identified included high production costs and opportunity costs for land use, contractual uncertainties, land-tenure implications and heterogeneous societal preferences for ecosystem services of farm trees. Further, since scheme adoption has been relatively low compared with the total area covered by the respective farm tree types in Saxony, the PES schemes alone could not explain the substantial increase in number and size of some farm-tree types, in particular, hedgerows. Regionalized premiums, result-oriented remuneration and cooperative approaches are options to improve participation in PES schemes for farm trees. The example of PES schemes for farm trees highlights one of the major challenges for the protection and preservation of cultural landscapes: they are man-made and thus need to be preserved, managed and maintained continuously.
机译：农作物和牧场占全球土地面积的24-38％，因此，农业系统提供的生态服务具有最重要的社会意义。欧洲农田提供生态系统服务的一个重要决定因素是树木，灌木和林地的数量和空间布置，这些树木，灌木和林地已整合到各自的土地利用系统中。本文使用制度经济学框架来分析生态系统服务付款计划（PES计划），该计划加强了农林和林地的建立，养护和管理，并详细说明了农民通常非常不愿意参加这些计划的原因。以萨克森（德国）的PES方案为例。确定的障碍包括土地使用的高生产成本和机会成本，合同不确定性，土地使用权的影响以及农场树木生态系统服务的不同社会偏好。此外，由于与萨克森州各种农场树木类型所覆盖的总面积相比，该计划的采用率相对较低，仅靠PES计划无法解释某些农场树木类型（尤其是树篱）的数量和规模的大幅增加。区域性保费，以结果为导向的薪酬和合作方式是提高对农用树木生态系统服务付费计划参与的选择。农场树木的生态系统服务付费计划的例子突出了保护和保护文化景观的主要挑战之一：它们是人为的，因此需要连续地进行保存，管理和维护。

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