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A spatial analysis of pit latrine density and groundwater source contamination*

机译：坑厕密度和地下水源污染的空间分析*

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摘要

This study aims to assess the relationship between chemical and microbial contamination of groundwater sources and a range of potential hazards in two peri-urban areas of Kisumu, Kenya where shallow wells and pit latrines are widely used. From 1998 to 2004, 263 samples were taken from 61 groundwater sources and tested for thermotolerant cGliforms. Eighteen of these sources were also tested for chemical contaminants, including nitrate, chloride and fluoride. The locations of all water sources, buildings and pit latrines in the study area were surveyed. Local pit latrine densities were calculated using a geographic information system. Ten out 18 samples were above the World Health Organization guideline values for nitrate, 236 out of 263 were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, and all were above the guideline values for fluoride. There was neither a relationship between thermotolerant coliform levels and daily rainfall patterns nor with sanitary risk inspection scores for samples from shallow wells (r=0.01, p=0.91, n=191). The density of pit latrines within a 100-m radius was significantly correlated with nitrate and chloride levels (r=0.64, p=0.004 and r=0.46, p=0.05, respectively) but not with thermotolerant coliforms (r=0.22,p=0.11). These results illustrate both the public health risks associated with shallow ground-water sources, on-site sanitation and high population density. These findings have implications for current policies that promote latrine construction, especially in peri-urban areas of high population density. More comprehensive studies of larger communities should be commissioned to extend this analysis of the links between latrine density and groundwater contamination and so identify the contingent policy risks.
机译：这项研究旨在评估在肯尼亚基苏木的两个郊区地区，地下水井的化学和微生物污染与一系列潜在危害之间的关系，该地区广泛使用浅井和地下厕所。从1998年到2004年，从61个地下水源中采集了263个样本，并进行了耐热cGliforms测试。还对其中18个污染源进行了化学污染物测试，包括硝酸盐，氯化物和氟化物。对研究区域内所有水源，建筑物和厕所的位置进行了调查。使用地理信息系统计算当地的坑厕密度。 18个样本中有10个样本高于世界卫生组织的硝酸盐准则值，263个样本中的236个样本对耐热大肠菌群呈阳性，而所有样本均高于氟化物准则值。浅井样品的耐热大肠菌群水平与日降雨模式之间无关系，卫生风险检查分数也无相关性（r = 0.01，p = 0.91，n = 191）。半径100米内的坑厕密度与硝酸盐和氯化物水平显着相关（分别为r = 0.64，p = 0.004和r = 0.46，p = 0.05），但与耐热大肠菌群无关（r = 0.22，p = 0.11）。这些结果说明了与浅层地下水源，现场卫生和高人口密度相关的公共健康风险。这些发现对当前促进厕所建设的政策具有重要意义，特别是在人口密度高的郊区地区。应该委托对更大的社区进行更全面的研究，以扩大对厕所密度和地下水污染之间联系的分析，从而确定或有的政策风险。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Monitoring and Assessment》 |2013年第5期|4261-4272|共12页
  • 作者

    Jim A. Wright; Aidan Croni; Joseph Okotto-Okotto; Hong Yang; Steve Pedley; Stephen W. Gundry;

  • 作者单位

    Geography and Environment, University of Southampton,University Road,Southampton SO 17 1BJ, UK;

    Robens Centre for Public and Environmental Health,University of Surrey,Guildford,Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;

    Victoria Institute for Research on Environment and Development (VIRED) International,Rabuour Environment and Development Centre, Kisumu-Nairobi Road, PO Box 6423-40103, Kisumu, Kenya,Lake Basin Development Authority,PO Box 1516-40100, Kisumu, Kenya;

    Geography and Environment, University of Southampton,University Road,Southampton SO 17 1BJ, UK;

    Robens Centre for Public and Environmental Health,University of Surrey,Guildford,Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;

    Water and Health Research Centre, Merchant Venturers Building, University of Bristol,Bristol BS8 1UB, UK;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    groundwater; on-site sanitation; geographical information systems; nitrate; thermotolerant coliforms;

    机译：地下水;现场卫生地理信息系统;硝酸盐;耐热大肠菌群;

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