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Ecosystem services: Urban parks under a magnifying glass

机译：生态系统服务：放大镜下的城市公园

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摘要

Urban areas' population has grown during the last century and it is expected that over 60% of the world population will live in cities by 2050. Urban parks provide several ecosystem services that are valuable to the well-being of city-dwellers and they are also considered a nature-based solution to tackle multiple environmental problems in cities. However, the type and amount of ecosystem services provided will vary with each park vegetation type, even within same the park. Our main goal was to quantify the trade-offs in ecosystem services associated to different vegetation types, using a spatially detailed approach. Rather than relying solely on general vegetation typologies, we took a more ecologically oriented approach, by explicitly considering different units of vegetation structure and composition. This was demonstrated in a large park (44 ha) located in the city of Almada (Lisbon metropolitan area, Portugal), where six vegetation units were mapped in detail and six ecosystem services were evaluated: carbon sequestration, seed dispersal, erosion prevention, water purification, air purification and habitat quality. The results showed that, when looking at the park in detail, some ecosystem services varied greatly with vegetation type. Carbon sequestration was positively influenced by tree density, independently of species composition. Seed dispersal potential was higher in lawns, and mixed forest provided the highest amount of habitat quality. Air purification service was slightly higher in mixed forest, but was high in all vegetation types, probably due to low background pollution, and both water purification and erosion prevention were high in all vegetation types. Knowing the type, location, and amount of ecosystem services provided by each vegetation type can help to improve management options based on ecosystem services trade-offs and looking for win-win situations. The trade-offs are, for example, very clear for carbon: tree planting will boost carbon sequestration regardless of species, but may not be enough to increase habitat quality. Moreover, it may also negatively influence seed dispersal service. Informed practitioners can use this ecological knowledge to promote the role of urban parks as a nature-based solution to provide multiple ecosystem services, and ultimately improve the design and management of the green infrastructure. This will also improve the science of Ecosystem Services, acknowledging that the type of vegetation matters for the provision of ecosystem services and trade-offs analysis.
机译：上个世纪以来，城市地区的人口增长了，到2050年，预计将有超过60％的世界人口居住在城市中。城市公园提供了多种生态系统服务，这些服务对于城市居民的健康至关重要。还考虑了基于自然的解决方案来解决城市中的多个环境问题。但是，提供的生态系统服务的类型和数量将随每种公园植被类型而变化，即使在同一公园内也是如此。我们的主要目标是使用空间详细的方法来量化与不同植被类型相关的生态系统服务的权衡。我们不仅仅依靠一般的植被类型，而是通过更加明确地考虑植被结构和组成的不同单位，采取了更加生态化的方法。这在位于阿尔马达市（葡萄牙里斯本大都会区）的一个大型公园（44公顷）中得到了证明，该公园详细绘制了六个植被单元并评估了六个生态系统服务：固碳，种子扩散，防侵蚀，水净化，空气净化和栖息地质量。结果表明，当仔细观察公园时，某些生态系统服务随植被类型而变化很大。碳固存受到树木密度的积极影响，而与物种组成无关。草坪中种子的散布潜力更高，而混交林则提供了最高的生境质量。混交林中的空气净化服务略高，但所有植被类型的空气净化服务均较高，这可能是由于低背景污染造成的，而且所有植被类型的水净化和防侵蚀作用都很高。了解每种植被类型提供的生态系统服务的类型，位置和数量可以帮助改善基于生态系统服务权衡和寻找双赢局面的管理选择。例如，碳的权衡非常明确：无论采用哪种树种，植树都会促进碳固存，但可能不足以提高栖息地质量。此外，它也可能对种子传播服务产生负面影响。经验丰富的从业人员可以利用这种生态知识来促进城市公园作为基于自然的解决方案提供多种生态系统服务的作用，并最终改善绿色基础设施的设计和管理。这也将改善生态系统服务的科学，并认识到植被的类型对提供生态系统服务和权衡分析至关重要。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental research》 |2018年第1期|469-478|共10页
  • 作者

    Teresa Mexia; Joana Vieira; Adriana Principe; Andreia Anjos; Patricia Silva; Nuno Lopes; Catarina Freitas; Margarida Santos-Reis; Otilia Correia; Cristina Branquinho; Pedro Pinho;

  • 作者单位

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

    Divisao de Estudos e Gestao Ambiental e de Energia, Departamento de Energia, Clima, Ambiente e Mobilidade, Direcao Municipal de Ambiente, Mobilidade, Energia e Valorizacao Urbana, Camara Municipal de Almada, Casa Municipal do Ambiente, Rua Bernardo Francisco da Costa, 42, 2800-029 Almada, Portugal;

    Divisao de Estudos e Gestao Ambiental e de Energia, Departamento de Energia, Clima, Ambiente e Mobilidade, Direcao Municipal de Ambiente, Mobilidade, Energia e Valorizacao Urbana, Camara Municipal de Almada, Casa Municipal do Ambiente, Rua Bernardo Francisco da Costa, 42, 2800-029 Almada, Portugal;

    Divisao de Estudos e Gestao Ambiental e de Energia, Departamento de Energia, Clima, Ambiente e Mobilidade, Direcao Municipal de Ambiente, Mobilidade, Energia e Valorizacao Urbana, Camara Municipal de Almada, Casa Municipal do Ambiente, Rua Bernardo Francisco da Costa, 42, 2800-029 Almada, Portugal;

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;

    Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal,Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    Ecosystem services; Urban parks; Spatially detailed; Land management; Vegetation type;

    机译：生态系统服务;城市公园;空间详细;土地管理;植被类型;

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