Abstract Differential exposure and acute health impacts of inhaled solid-fuel emissions from rudimentary and advanced cookstoves in female CD-I mice
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Differential exposure and acute health impacts of inhaled solid-fuel emissions from rudimentary and advanced cookstoves in female CD-I mice

机译：雌性CD-1小鼠的初级和高级炊具吸入的固体燃料排放物的差异暴露和急性健康影响

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AbstractBackgroundThere is an urgent need to provide access to cleaner end user energy technologies for the nearly 40% of the world's population who currently depend on rudimentary cooking and heating systems. Advanced cookstoves (CS) are designed to cut emissions and solid-fuel consumption, thus reducing adverse human health and environmental impacts.Study premiseWe hypothesized that, compared to a traditional (Tier 0) three-stone (3-S) fire, acute inhalation of solid-fuel emissions from advanced natural-draft (ND; Tier 2) or forced-draft (FD; Tier 3) stoves would reduce exposure biomarkers and lessen pulmonary and innate immune system health effects in exposed mice.ResultsAcross two simulated cooking cycles (duration~3h), emitted particulate mass concentrations were reduced 80% and 62% by FD and ND stoves, respectively, compared to the 3-S fire; with corresponding decreases in particles visible within murine alveolar macrophages. Emitted carbon monoxide was reduced ~ 90% and ~ 60%, respectively. Only 3-S-fire-exposed mice had increased carboxyhemoglobin levels. Emitted volatile organic compounds were FD ≪ 3-S-fire ≤ ND stove; increased expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (COX-2, NQO1, CYP1a1) was detected only in ND- and 3-S-fire-exposed mice. Diminished macrophage phagocytosis was observed in the ND group. Lung glutathione was significantly depleted across all CS groups, however the FD group had the most severe, ongoing oxidative stress.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with reports associating exposure to solid fuel stove emissions with modulation of the innate immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. Lower respiratory infections continue to be a leading cause of death in low-income economies. Notably, 3-S-fire-exposed mice were the only group to develop acute lung injury, possibly because they inhaled the highest concentrations of hazardous air toxicants (e.g., 1,3-butadiene, toluene, benzene, acrolein) in association with the greatest number of particles, and particles with the highest % organic carbon. However, no Tier 0–3 ranked CS group was without some untoward health effect indicating that access to still cleaner, ideally renewable, energy technologies for cooking and heating is warranted.Highlights•Mice inhaled emissions from advanced cookstoves (CS) and a 3-stone (3-S)-fire.•Tier 2 and 3 CS emitted significantly less particulate matter and carbon monoxide.•3-S fire (Tier 0)-exposed mice were the only group to develop acute lung injury.•Diminished macrophage phagocytosis was observed in Tier 2 CS-exposed mice.•Lung glutathione was significantly depleted across all Tier 0–3 CS-exposed mice.
机译： 摘要 背景 迫切需​​要提供访问权限更清洁的最终用户能源技术，适用于目前依靠基本的烹饪和加热系统的全球近40％的人口。高级灶具（CS）旨在减少排放和固体燃料消耗，从而减少对人类健康和环境的不利影响。 研究前提 我们假设与传统的三级（3-S）火相比，先进的自然通风（ND; Tier 2）或强制通风（FD; Tier 3）炉子吸入固体燃料的排放将减少暴露的生物标志物并减少暴露小鼠的肺和先天免疫系统健康影响。 结果 在两个模拟烹饪周期（持续时间〜 3h），相比t和FD炉，排放的颗粒物质量浓度分别降低了80％和62％ o 3-S火；鼠肺泡巨噬细胞内可见颗粒的相应减少。排放的一氧化碳分别减少了约90％和60％。仅暴露于3S火的小鼠的羧基血红蛋白水平升高。排放的挥发性有机化合物为FD≪ 3-S-fire≤ND炉；仅在暴露于ND和3-S火的小鼠中检测到与异种生物代谢有关的基因（COX-2，NQO1，CYP1a1）的表达增加。 ND组观察到巨噬细胞吞噬作用减弱。在所有CS组中，肺谷胱甘肽都被消耗掉，但是FD组的氧化应激最为严重。 结论 这些结果与有关将固体燃料炉灶暴露与先天免疫系统调节和感染敏感性增加相关的报道一致。下呼吸道感染仍然是低收入经济体死亡的主要原因。值得注意的是，暴露于3S火的小鼠是唯一发生急性肺损伤的组，这可能是因为它们吸入了最高浓度的有害空气中的毒物（例如1,3-丁二烯，甲苯，苯，丙烯醛），并伴有急性肺损伤。颗粒数量最多，并且有机碳含量最高的颗粒。但是，没有第0-3级的CS组对健康有不良影响，这表明需要使用更清洁，理想的可再生能源技术来烹饪和取暖。 突出显示 • 高级炊具（CS）和三石（3-S）着火的小鼠吸入的排放物。 • 第2层和3 CS排放的颗粒物和一氧化碳要少得多。 • 暴露于3-S火（第0级）的小鼠是唯一发生急性肺损伤的动物。 • 在暴露于CS的第2层小鼠中，巨噬细胞的吞噬作用减弱。 • 所有肺脏中的谷胱甘肽都被消耗de尽第0-3层暴露于CS的小鼠。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental research》 |2018年第2期|35-48|共14页
  • 作者

    Eugene A. Gibbs-Flournoy; M. Ian Gilmour; Mark Higuchi; James Jetter; Ingrid George; Lisa Copeland; Randy Harrison; Virginia C. Moser; Janice A. Dye;

  • 作者单位

    Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education;

    National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

    National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

    National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

    National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

    National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

    National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

    National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

    National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    Cookstoves; Incomplete combustion; Lung injury; Oxidative stress; Phagocytosis;

    机译：炊具;不完全燃烧;肺损伤;氧化应激;吞噬作用;

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