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7 Log Virus Removal in a Simple Functionalized Sand Filter

机译：7在简单的功能化沙滤器中清除病毒

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Viral contamination of drinking water due to fecal contamination is difficult to detect and treat effectively, leading to frequent outbreaks worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to report on the molecular mechanism for unprecedented high virus removal from a practical sand filter. Sand filters functionalized using a water extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds, functionalized sand (f-sand) filters, achieved a similar to 7 log(10) virus removal. These tests were conducted with MS2 bacteriophage, a recognized surrogate for pathogenic norovirus and rotavirus. We studied the molecular mechanism of this high removal since it can have important implications for sand filtration, the most common water treatment technology worldwide. Our data reveal that the virus removal activity of f-sand is due to the presence of a chitin-binding protein, M. oleifera chitin-binding protein (MoCBP) on f-sand. Standard column experiments were supported by proteomic analysis and molecular docking simulations. Our simulations show that MoCBP binds preferentially to MS2 capsid proteins demonstrating that specific molecular interactions are responsible for enhanced virus removal. In addition, we simplified the process of making f-sand and evinced how it could be regenerated using saline water. At present, no definitive solution exists for the challenge of treating fecally contaminated drinking and irrigation water for viruses without using technologies that demand high energy or chemical consumption. We propose functionalized sand (f-sand) filters as a highly effective, energy-efficient, and practical technology for virus removal applicable to both developing and developed countries.
机译：由于粪便污染导致的饮用水病毒污染难以有效检测和治疗，导致世界范围内频繁爆发。本文的目的是报告从实际的沙滤器中空前清除高水平病毒的分子机制。使用辣木（MO）种子的水提取物功能化的沙滤器，功能化的沙滤器（f-sand）达到了类似于去除7 log（10）病毒的目的。这些测试是使用MS2噬菌体进行的，噬菌体是公认的致病性诺如病毒和轮状病毒的替代物。我们研究了这种高去除率的分子机理，因为它对砂滤（全球最常见的水处理技术）具有重要意义。我们的数据显示f沙的病毒去除活性是由于f沙上存在几丁质结合蛋白，油橄榄分枝杆菌几丁质结合蛋白（MoCBP）。标准柱实验得到了蛋白质组学分析和分子对接模拟的支持。我们的模拟显示MoCBP优先结合MS2衣壳蛋白，表明特定的分子相互作用导致病毒去除增强。此外，我们简化了制造f型砂的过程，并说明了如何使用盐水将其再生。当前，不存在不使用需要高能量或化学消耗的技术来解决针对粪便污染的饮用水和灌溉水进行病毒治疗的挑战的最终解决方案。我们建议功能化的沙滤（f-sand）过滤器是一种高效，节能和实用的病毒清除技术，适用于发展中国家和发达国家。

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