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首页> 外文期刊>Environmental Science & Technology >Oxidative Breakers Can Stimulate Halogenation and Competitive Oxidation in Guar-Gelled Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids
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Oxidative Breakers Can Stimulate Halogenation and Competitive Oxidation in Guar-Gelled Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids

机译:氧化断路器可以刺激瓜尔凝胶水力压裂液中的卤化和竞争性氧化

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摘要

A number of flowback samples derived from horizontally drilled hydraulic fracturing (HDHF) operations reveal consistent detections of halogenated organic species , yet the source of these compounds remains uncertain. Studies simulating subsurface conditions have found that oxidative "breakers" can halogenate certain additives, but these pathways are unverified in the presence of cross-linked-gels, common features of HDHF operations. Using a high-throughput custom reactor system, we implemented a reaction matrix to test the capacity for halogenation of two frequently disclosed compounds with demonstrated halogenation pathways (cinnamaldehyde and citric acid) across guar gels with varied types and concentrations of cross-linkers and oxidative breakers. Cinnamaldehyde halogenation proceeded most readily in borate cross-linked gels at high ammonium persulfate dosages. Citric acid formed trihalomethanes (THMs) broadly across the matrix, generating brominated THMs at higher levels of hypochlorite breaker. Isolated removals of cross-linker or guar enhanced or diminished certain product formations, highlighting additional capacities for relevant ingredients to influence halogenation. Finally, we analyzed flowback samples from the Denver-Julesberg Basin, finding that additions of oxidant enhanced halogenation. As a more realistic subsurface simulation, this work demonstrates strict criteria for the subsurface halogenation of cinnamaldehyde and the broad capacity for THM formation due to systematic oxidant usage as gel breakers in HDHF operations.
机译:源于水平钻孔液压压裂(HDHF)操作的许多流量样本揭示了卤化有机物种的一致检测,但这些化合物的来源仍然不确定。模拟地下条件的研究发现,氧化的“破碎器”可以卤化某些添加剂,但在交联凝胶存在下,这些途径是未经证实的,HDHF操作的共同特征。使用高通量定制反应器系统,我们实施了一种反应基质以测试两种经常公开的化合物的卤化能力,其伴随着瓜尔凝胶的卤化途径(肉桂醛和柠檬酸),具有不同类型和浓度的交联剂和氧化断路器。肉桂醛卤化在高铵过硫酸盐剂量的硼酸盐交联凝胶中最容易进行。柠檬酸形成三卤代甲烷(THM),横跨基质,在较高水平的次氯酸盐断路器中产生溴化THM。孤立的交联剂或瓜尔的去除增强或减少了某些产品形成,突出了相关成分影响卤化的额外能力。最后,我们分析了来自丹佛-Julesberg盆地的流量样本,发现添加氧化剂增强的卤化。作为一种更现实的地下模拟,这项工作证明了肉桂醛的地下卤化的严格标准,以及由于系统氧化使用的凝胶破碎器,肉桂醛的地下卤化和THM形成的广泛能力。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2019年第14期|8216-8226|共11页
  • 作者单位

    Yale Univ Dept Chem & Environm Engn New Haven CT 06520 USA;

    Yale Univ Dept Chem & Environm Engn New Haven CT 06520 USA|MIT Dept Civil & Environm Engn 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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  • 正文语种 eng
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