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A Critical Time for Mercury Science to Inform Global Policy

机译：汞科学告知全球政策的关键时刻

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摘要

Mercury is a global pollutant released into the biosphere by varied human activities including coal combustion, mining, artisanal gold mining, cement production, and chemical production. Once released to air, land and water, the addition of carbon atoms to mercury by bacteria results in the production of methylmercury, the toxic form that bioaccumulates in aquatic and terrestrial food chains resulting in elevated exposure to humans and wildlife. Global recognition of the mercury contamination problem has resulted in the Minamata Convention on Mercury, which came into force in 2017. The treaty aims to protect human health and the environment from human-generated releases of mercury curtailing its movement and transformations in the biosphere. Coincident with the treaty's coming into force, the 13th International Conference of Mercury as a Global Pollutant (ICMGP-13) was held in Providence, Rhode Island USA. At ICMGP-13, cutting edge research was summarized and presented to address questions relating to global and regional sources and cycling of mercury, how that mercury is methylated, the effects of mercury exposure on humans and wildlife, and the science needed for successful implementation of the Minamata Convention. Human activities have the potential to enhance mercury methylation by remobilizing previously released mercury, and increasing methylation efficiency. This synthesis concluded that many of the most important factors influencing the fate and effects of mercury and its more toxic form, methylmercury, stem from environmental changes that are much broader in scope than mercury releases alone. Alterations of mercury cycling, methylmercury bioavailability and trophic transfer due to climate and land use changes remain critical uncertainties in effective implementation of the Minamata Convention. In the face of these uncertainties, important policy and management actions are needed over the short-term to support the control of mercury releases to land, water and air. These include adequate monitoring and communication on risk from exposure to various forms of inorganic mercury as well as methylmercury from fish and rice consumption. Successful management of global and local mercury pollution will require integration of mercury research and policy in a changing world.
机译：汞是人类通过多种活动释放到生物圈中的全球污染物，包括煤炭燃烧，采矿，手工金矿开采，水泥生产和化学生产。细菌一旦释放到空气，土地和水中，就会向汞中添加碳原子，导致甲基汞的产生，甲基汞是在水生和陆地食物链中生物蓄积的有毒形式，导致人类和野生生物的暴露量增加。全球公认的汞污染问题已导致《水am汞公约》于2017年生效。该条约旨在保护人类健康和环境，防止人类产生的汞释放，从而限制其在生物圈中的移动和转化。与该条约生效同时发生的是，第十三届国际汞作为全球污染物国际会议（ICMGP-13）在美国罗得岛的普罗维登斯举行。在ICMGP-13上，总结并介绍了前沿研究，以解决与全球和区域汞源和汞循环，汞如何甲基化，汞暴露对人类和野生生物的影响以及成功实施汞的科学有关的问题。水Min公约。人类活动有可能通过迁移先前释放的汞并提高甲基化效率来增强汞甲基化。该综合结论认为，影响汞及其毒性更大的形式甲基汞的命运和影响的许多最重要因素来自环境变化，而环境变化的范围比仅汞的排放范围要广得多。由于气候和土地用途的变化，汞循环，甲基汞生物利用度和营养转移的变化仍然是有效执行《水am公约》的关键不确定因素。面对这些不确定性，短期内需要采取重要的政策和管理措施，以支持控制向土地，水和空气中汞的排放。这些措施包括对各种形式的无机汞以及鱼类和大米消费中甲基汞的暴露风险进行充分的监测和交流。成功地管理全球和本地汞污染将需要在不断变化的世界中整合汞研究和政策。

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  • 来源
    《Environmental Science & Technology》 |2018年第17期|9556-9561|共6页
  • 作者

    Chen Celia Y.; Driscoll Charles T.; Eagles-Smith Collin A.; Eckley Chris S.; Gay David A.; Hsu-Kim Heileen; Keane Susan E.; Kirk Jane L.; Mason Robert P.; Obrist Daniel; Selin Henrik; Selin Noelle E.; Thompson Marcella R.;

  • 作者单位

    Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA;

    Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA;

    US Geol Survey, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA;

    US EPA, Reg 10, Seattle, WA 98101 USA;

    Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA;

    Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA;

    Nat Resources Def Council, Washington, DC 20005 USA;

    Environm & Climate Change, Burlington, ON L7P 2X3, Canada;

    Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA;

    Univ Massachusetts, Dept Environm Earth & Atmospher Sci, Lowell, MA 01854 USA;

    Boston Univ, Frederick S Pardee Sch Global Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA;

    MIT, Inst Data Syst & Soc, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Boston, MA 02139 USA;

    Univ Rhode Isl, Coll Nursing, Providence, RI 02903 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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